In many ways, our society doesn’t simply prepare for the kinds of lives that the elderly must lead. We have made medical advances that allow people to live longer than ever before, but we do not seem to know what to do with them after we have saved their lives. Too little allowance is made for the person who is no longer earning a living, who can not walk long distances or drive a car, or who may have physical or mental disabilities that keep him from communicating with others. The institutional (慈善机构的) care we give our older people is a good reflection of the overall attitude of our society toward the aged.
In the past few years, nursing homes have received wide attention as boring, meaningless places where old people often have little else to do but wait for the end of their lives. Elderly wards in mental hospitals are even worse. One of the most shocking things abort nursing homes has been the unwillingness of people on the outside to show real concern for what happens in these institutions. Even people who are entrusting (委托) a parent to the care of a home rarely ask about the nurse-parent ratio (比率), about the kinds of creative facilities or physical treatment equipment available, or about the frequency of doctors’ visits.
And the government has provided federal money without enforcing high standards of care. In fact federal standards were lowered in 1974. Therefore, in some sense our concern for the aged seems to be moving backwards, not forwards. This picture is in striking contrast to the treatment of respectable patriarchs (男长者) and matriarchs (女长者) in many societies.What would be the most suitable title for this passage?
| A．Failure of Care for the Elderly | B．The Elderly |
| C．Institutional Care | D．A National Shame |
We can conclude from this passage that the writer feels ____.
| A．nursing homes should be got rid of |
| B．a country that can help people live longer should also be able to care for them better |
| C．people have no thanks toward their parents |
| D．our society’s institutions need to be reformed |
The writer believes that people who place a parent in a nursing home should ____.
| A．demand higher federal standards |
| B．consider the example set in other countries |
| C．be ashamed of not keeping the parents in their own homes |
| D．investigate it first |
The writer complains ____.
| A．about the indifference of some people towards nursing homes |
| B．about the shortage of equipment in nursing home |
| C．that nursing homes keep the aged from communicating with others |
| D．both A and B |
Oscar-winning actress Joan Fontaine, who rose to fame during Hollywood's golden age as the star of several Alfred Hitch．cock classics, died from natural causes at her home in Carmel, northern California on December 16, 2013 aged 96, US media reports said．
Born in Japan to British parents, Fontaine moved in 1919 to California, where she and her elder sister －screen idol Olivia de Havilland－were to shape successful movie careers．Fontaine and de Havilland remain the only sisters to have won lead actress honours at the Academy Awards．Yet the two sisters also had an uneasy relationship, with Fontaine recording a bitter competition in her own account "No Bed of Roses "．
Fontaine began her acting career in her late teens with Largely less important roles on the stage and later in mostly B-movies in the 1930s． It was not before famous British film director Hitchcock spotted her a decade later that her career took off．
Greatly surprised by her expressive looks, the suspense (悬念） master cast Fontaine in his first US film, a 1940 adaptation of the Daphne du Maurier novel "Rebecca"． She received an Academy Award nomination（提名） for her performance as a troubled wife． A year later, Fontaine finally won the long-sought golden figure, for her role as leading lady in "Suspicion" opposite Cary Grant, becoming the first and only actress to earn the title for a Hitchock film．
Although her sister, Olivia de Havilland, preceded her in gaining Hollywood fame, Fontaine was the first of the sisters to win an Oscar, beating Olivia's nomination as best actress in Mitchell Leisen's "Hold Back the Dawn"．
The dislike ,between the sisters was felt at the Oscars ceremony．"I froze． I stared across the table, where Olivia was sitting．'Get up there!' she whispered commandingly," Fontaine said．"All the dislike we'd felt toward each other as children…all came rushing back in quickly changing pictures…I felt Olivia would spring across the table and seize me by the hair．"
Olivia did not win her first Oscar until 1946, for her role as the lover of a World War I pilot in Leisen's " To Each His Own"． Fontaine later made it known that her． sister had slighted her as she attempted to offer congratulations．“She took one look at me, ignored my hand, seized her Oscar and wheeled away,” she said．
The sisters were also reportedly competitors in love． Howard Hughes, a strange businessman who dated the elder de Havilland for a time, offered marriage to Fontaine several times．"I married first, won the Oscar before Olivia did, and if I die first, she'll undoubtedly be extremely angry because I beat her to it!" Fontaine once joked．
As her film career fruited in the 1950s, Fontaine turned to television and dinner theatre, and also appeared in several Broadway productions, including the Lion in Winter"． Anything but the ordinary lady, Fontaine was also a licensed pilot, a champion balloonist, an accomplished golfer, a licensed .decoration designer and a first-class cook．When she moved to California, Joan Fontaine wasyears old．
| A．two | B．twelve | C．twenty | D．twenty -two |
Fontaine did not become successful or popular until the _．
| A．1930s | B．1940s | C．1950s | D．1960s |
Fontaine won her Oscar for her role in the film of “”．
| A．Rebecca ' | B．Suspicion |
| C．To Each His Own | D．Hold Back the Dawn |
Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?
| A．Olivia preceded Fontaine in getting married． |
| B．Olivia gamed Hollywood fame after Fontaine． |
| C．Fontaine won an Oscar before her sister Olivia, |
| D．Fontaine wanted to meet her death before Olivia． |
The dislike between Fontaine and Olivia began when they．
| A．competed for an Oscar | B．competed for a husband |
| C．were small children | D．were successful actresses |
As can- be seen from the passage, Fontaine was a person who was．
| A．disliked by her family | B．always a troubled wife |
| C．able to do few jobs | D．gifted in many ways |
Imagine you’re in a dark room, running your fingers over a smooth surface in search of a single dot the size of this period, How high do you think the dot must be for your finger to feel it?
Scientists have determined that the human finger is so sensitive it can detect a surface bump just one micron（l0－6m）"high． The human eye, by contrast, can't tell anything much smaller than100 microns．No wonder we rely on touch rather than eyesight when faced with a new roll of toilet paper．
Biologically, touch is the mother of all sensory（感觉的） systems．It is an ancient sense in evolution: even the simplest single-celled living things can feel when something brushes up against them and will respond by moving closer or pulling away． It is the first sense aroused during a baby’s development and the last to weaken at life's peak． Patients in a deep coma （昏迷）who seem otherwise lost to the world will show skin reaction when touched by a nurse．
“Touch ,is so central to what we are that we almost cannot imagine ourselves without it,” said Chris Dijkerman．“It's 'not like eyesight, where you close your eyes and you don't see anything． You can't do that with touch．It's always there．"
Long ignored in favor of the sensory heavyweights of eyesight and hearing, the study of touch lately:: has been gaining new concern among scientists．They're exploring the effects of recently reported false touch impressions, of people being made to feel as though they had three arms, for example, with the hope of gaining the true understanding of how the mind works．
Others are turning to touch for more practical purposes: to build better touch screen instruments and robot hands, a more well-rounded virtual life．。“There's a fair amount of research into new ways of offloading information onto our sense of touch," said Lynette Jones． "To have your cell phone buzzing （making a low sound） as opposed to ringing turned out to have a lot of advantages in．some situations．"
Touch is our most active sense, our means of seizing the world and experiencing it 'first hand． Dr．Susan Lederman pointed out that while we can become aware of something by seeing or hear,ing7;-．from a distance and without really trying, if we want to learn about something by means of touch, we must make a move．We must rub the cloth, or pet the cat． Touching is a two-way street, and that's not true for seeing or hearing． If you have a soft object and you squeeze it, you change its shape． The physical world reacts back．"
Our hands are smart and can do many tasks automatically - button a shirt, fit a key in a lock, play the; piano for others．Dr．Lederman and her colleagues have shown that blindfolded subjects can easily recognize a wide range of common -objects placed．in their hands．But on some feeling tasks, touch is all thumbs （very clumsy）． When people are given a raised line drawing of a common object, they're puzzled．“If all we've got is outline information;" Dr．Lederman said,．“no weight, no texture, no temperature information, well, we're very, very bad with that．"
Touch also turns out to be easy to fool, Among the sensory tricks now being investigated is something called the Pinocchio illusion． Researchers have found that if they shake the band of the biceps（二头肌）, many people report feeling that their forearm is getting 'longer, their hand floating ever further from their elbow（肘）． And if they are told to touch the forefinger of the shaken arm to the tip of their nose, they feel as though their nose was lengthening, too．Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?
| A．Our eyes are more sensitive than our fingers． |
| B．Our fingers are more sensitive than our eyes． |
| C．Our eyes are more sensitive than our ears． |
| D．Our noses are less sensitive than our ears． |
The sense that is firstly awaked during a child's development is the sense of．
| A．sight | B．taste | C．hearing | D．touch |
The underlined sentence “You can't do that with touch” here means “You can't”．
| A．close your skin | B．close your eyes ' | C．touch anything | D．see anything |
Scientists are lately getting interested in the following except．
| A．living a well-rounded virtual life |
| B．understanding how the mind works |
| C．favoring eyesight and hearing |
| D．building better 'touch screen objects |
In the view of, movement is needed when we want to know something by touching．
| A．the author | B．Chris Dijkerman |
| C．Lynette Jones | D．Susan Lederman |
Below is an entry taken from an English dictionary．
“Be careful not to scratch the furniture" most probably means “Be careful not to”．
| A．remove any marks | B．damage its surface |
| C．make any noises | D．change its position |
The word "scratch" in "Some drawings had been scratched on the back of the door" has the same meaning as in“”．
| A．We scratched some of the dirt away |
| B．The car's paintwork is badly scratched |
| C．The dog; kept scratching at the door to go out． |
| D．They scratched lines in the dirt to make marks |
“She．had scratched because of a knee injury" might imply that “She couldn't．
| A．take part in a race | B．cancel a prepared activity' |
| C．make a living af6ne | D．make enough money |
When the French girl says "I learned German from scratch iii six months she means she．
| A．had previously well prepared |
| B．was unsatisfied with her German |
| C．knew no German before that |
| D．found few materials available |
A letter of reply is sometimes a most treasured thing． Here is a story that tells about this common and natural human sentiment．
The busiest woman in Labrador during one bitter cold Christmas not very long ago, was an Australian nurse by the naI11e of Kate Austen． But Nurse Austen was not too busy to acknowledge with a long, friendly letter every gift of food or clothing received for distribution to the natives in that cold and poor district of the north． Among the gifts was a box of knittings for children, knitted（编织）and sent by a woman in Toronto．
Nurse Austen was busy, exhausted and not feeling too well that winter．She could have written just ordinary routine notes of acknowledgement． But that was not her way． She sat down and wrote the woman in Toronto a real letter telling all about the village, and the names of the children who were wearing the knitted gloves and caps, and what they said -when they got them, and how they looked when they wore them．She wanted the woman who had knitted and sent all those lovely knittings "to see how much happiness and warmth she had created．" Not long after, she received the following answer from Canada．
Dear Miss Austen:
Your letter made me happy． I did not expect such a full return． I am eighty years old, and I am blind． There is little I can do except knit, and that is why I knit so many caps and sweaters and scarves．Of course I cannot write this, so my daughter-in-law is doing it for me．She also sewed the seams and made the buttonholes for the knitted things．
I know something of the work you are doing． At the age of nineteen I married a man who was going to China to be a missionary(传教士）． For forty years, with an occasional year at home in America, we Worked in China, and during that time our two sons and a daughter were born to us, of whom only one son survives．\After forty years, my husband's health began to fail． We returned to the States where he took charge of a settlement house in Brooklyn, New York． A surprising number of the problems we faced there were similar to the problems we had met in China．When my husband died, I came to Toronto to live with my son and daughter-in-law． They are very good to me, and I pride myself that I am little trouble to them, though it is hard for a blind old lady to be sure of anything．
What I most want to say, my dear, is this． For sixty years I have been making up missionary packages of such clothing or food or medicine or books as I could collect． In various parts of the world and to various parts of the world I have sent them．Sometimes I have received a printed note of acknowledgement from the headquarters depot or mission board, sometimes nothing．Occasionally I :have been informed that my contribution was planned for Syria or Armenia or the upper Yangtze． But never before in all that time have l had a personal letter picturing the village and telling me who is wearing the clothing and what they said．I did not suppose that ever in my lifetime I should receive a letter like that．
May God bless you．
Sincerely yours,
The underlined word “sentiment”（in Paragraph l） most probably means“”?
| A．view point | B．gentle feeling |
| C．way of thinking | D．expression of attitude |
The underlined sentence “But that was not her way” （in Paragraph 3） implies that．
| A．she would not just write an ordinary letter of thanks |
| B．she was too busy to write a note of acknowledgement |
| C．she was not busy, exhaustec3 0r feeling too well that time |
| D．she wrote a letter telling all about the village and the children |
Why was Laura so happy when she received the letter from Miss Austen? Because．
| A．the letter was* from an Australian nurse |
| B．she was already eighty years old and blind |
| C．she had never received a letter like that |
| D．the letter was not supposed to reach her |
Ms． Laura N． Russell is now living in．
| A．China | B．Australia | C．Canada | D．the States |
For decades, Ms． Laura has been toand sent contributions to people all over the world．
| A．Toronto and New York only | B．Syria and Armenia once |
| C．the upper Yangtze area alone | D．many places of the world |
In a world as fast-changing and full of information as our own, all of us need to know how to learn well. Yet evidence suggests that most of us don’t use the learning techniques that science has proved the most effective.
The scientific literature evaluating these techniques goes back to decades and across thousands of articles. It’s far too extensive and complex for the average parent, teacher or employer to look through. Fortunately, a team of five leading psychologists have done the job for us.
Professor John Dunlosky and other psychologists closely examined 10 learning strategies and rated each from high to low utility(实用) on the basis of the evidence they’ve gathered. Here’s part of their conclusions:
In contrast to familiar practices, the effective learning strategies with the most evidence to support them aren’t well known outside the lab. Take distributed practice, for example. This strategy involves spreading out your study time, rather than engaging in one marathon. Cramming (死记硬背）information at the last minute may allow you to get through that test or meeting, but the material will quickly disappear from your memory. It’s much more effective to look through the material at intervals over time.
And the longer you want to remember the information, whether it’s two weeks or two years, the longer the intervals should be.
The second learning strategy that is highly recommended by Dunlosky is practice testing. Yes, more tests---but there not for a grade. Research shows that the mere act of calling information to mind strengthens that knowledge and aids in future retrieval (检索). While practice testing is not a common strategy---despite the strong evidence supporting it ---there is one familiar approach that captures its benefits: using flash cards. And now flash cards can be presented in digital form. Both distributed practice and practice testing were rated as having “high utility” by Dunlosky. How did the psychologists study and rate the learning strategies?
| A．By analyzing the materials gathered in the past years. |
| B．By asking some students questions about their study. |
| C．By doing some experiments on the objects in the lab. |
| D．By asking parents and teachers to look through the articles. |
The underlined word “extensive” in Para.2 means _____.
| A．small in amount |
| B．easy or quick to do |
| C．more than is needed |
| D．dealing with a lot of information |
About distributed practice and practice testing, it’s true that _____.
| A．many students have benefited a lot from them |
| B．they were first put forward by John Dunlosky |
| C．only a small number of experts know about them |
| D．psychologists are studying whether they are effective |
The strategy of distributed practice shows that ______.
| A．we should not study for long hours every day |
| B．reviewing what we have studied is of little help |
| C．the shorter the interval is, the better we’ll study |
| D．doing repetition at intervals is the best way |
The evidence shows that the strategy of practice testing ______.
| A．is a way to use flash cards to help study |
| B．is mainly used to help us remember well |
| C．helps know about students’ grades in time |
| D．is a way widely used to strengthen memory |