What does it mean to say that we live in a world of persuasion? It means that we live among competing interests. Your roommate’s need to study for an exam may take priority (优先) over pizza. Your instructor may have good reasons not to change your grade. And the object of your romantic/interest may have other choices.
In such a world, persuasion is the art of getting others to give fair and favorable consideration to our points of view. When we persuade, we want to influence how others believe and behave. We may not always prevail — other points of view may be more persuasive, depending on the listener, the situation, and the merit of the case. But when we practice the art of persuasion, we try to ensure that our position receives the attention it deserves.
Some people, however, object to the very idea of persuasion. They may regard it as an unwelcome interruption into their lives. Just the opposite, we believe that persuasion is unavoidable — to live is to persuade. Persuasion may be ethical (合乎道义的) or unethical, selfless or selfish, inspiring or degrading. Persuaders may enlighten our mind or prey on our vulnerability. Ethical persuasion, however, calls on sound reasoning and is sensitive to the feelings and needs of listeners. Such persuasion can help us apply the wisdom of the past to the decisions we now must make. Therefore, the most basic part of education is learning to resist the one kind of persuasion and to encourage and practice the other.
Beyond its personal importance to us, persuasion is necessary to society. The right to persuade and be persuaded is the bedrock of the American political system, guaranteed by the First Amendment to the Constitution (美国宪法).
. according to the passage, persuasion means ________.
| A．changing others’ points of view |
| B．exercising power over other people |
| C．getting other people to consider your point of view |
| D．getting people to agree with you and do what you want |
. The underlined word in the second paragraph “prevail” means________.
| A．win | B．fail | C．speak | D．listen |
. The passage states that some people object to persuasion because they think it is ________.
| A．a danger to society | B．difficult to do well |
| C．unwelcome behavior | D．never successful |
. The passage mainly discusses ________.
| A．how people persuade |
| B．why people persuade |
| C．that persuasion is both good and bad |
| D．that persuasion is important and it is all around us |
Lee Ann Laraway has polio (小儿麻痹症）and is not able to move very much. Most things are out of reach for her. Jeannie, a Labrador retriever, acts as her arms and legs. Jeannie understands 72 or more different commands.
On a shopping trip, she can get cash for Lee Ann at the bank or a candy bar at the store. She can pay the cashier (收银员） and get change back. Jeannie brings things to Lee Ann.
Jeannie was trained at a place called Canine Companions for Independence, located on twelve acres of land in Santa Rosa (California). The land was donated by the late Peanuts cartoonist Charles Shultz. "We train four different types of dogs here, "said Ken Kirsh, a dog trainer there. “Hearing dogs, service dogs, skilled companion dogs, and facility dogs.
Trainers work with Labrador retrievers and golden retrievers for hours a day, but not every dog is good enough to be a working dog.
The work is serious business. Hearing dogs warn their owners of sounds like ringing telephones and doorbells. Other dogs work with disabled patients like eight-year-old Noah Habib who communicates with a special computer. He likes it when people come to ask him about his dog. His father says people are really interested in the dog and will come over and ask to pet her and play with her, and ask about what she does，and these are people that normally might not approach us and want to talk to Noah.
When Lee Ann Laraway comes home with Jean-nie and the goods，Jeannie helps her open the door. “You can train a dog to do a lot of things，” said Lee Ann. Jeannie can help Lee Ann do all the following EXCEPT __________
| A．go to the bank to get money |
| B．pay for what Jeannie buys in the shop |
| C．open the door |
| D．do some cooking at home |
People want to talk to Noah mainly because __________
| A．he is good at training dogs |
| B．he is not only honest but also lovely |
| C．they want to play with his dog |
| D．they want to ask him for help |
Supposing Jack went deaf in an accident，what kind of dogs may offer him the greatest help?
| A．Hearing dogs. |
| B．Service dogs. |
| C．Skilled companion dogs. |
| D．Facility dogs. |
Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
| A．Dogs are helpful to people |
| B．Four kinds of dogs |
| C．Jeannie, a very clever dog |
| D．How to train working dogs |
In the seventh grade, Brittany Blythe dreamed of being a cheerleader. Her school's coaches were less than enthusiastic. "They said, ‘I don't know how you'll be able to do it,”，she recalls. “‘You won't be able to do it. ’”
But Brittany, now a junior at Strath Haven High School near Philadelphia, persisted. And when the junior team cheerleaders won a competition last year, she was right there, dancing and cheering with the rest of the team.
Not bad for someone whose legs were amputated(切断）below the knee when she was two years old.
Brittany, 18, was born without shin bones (胫骨)—"just blood and muscle tissue，" as she puts it. When she tried to walk, her legs twisted. After the operation, she adapted quickly. “From that day, I basically jumped up and wanted to do everything，”she says. Prosthetic legs (假肢）allowed her to move
around upright, but too slowly to keep up with her friends. Brittany's solution： take the legs off and walk on her knees—something she still does when safety and comfort permit.
She's rarely been discouraged. Other children teased her through the years, especially in junior high school, but she says the challenge only made her stronger. Now she's trying to convince her coaches to let her remove the prostheses and be a flyer, the cheerleader who's thrown in the air and caught by her teammates.
Brittany doesn't think her problems are any more difficult than the next person's. “My disability was the first thing I had to get through, and that's going to prepare me for the future，” she says. “It's all just a test ： If someone throws you a ball, what are you going to do?” What was the coaches' first attitude towards Brittany's dream?
| A．Supportive. |
| B．Enthusiastic. |
| C．Optimistic. |
| D．Doubtful. |
What was Brittany's reaction after the operation?
| A．She abandoned herself to self-pity. |
| B．She refused to use the prostheses. |
| C．She accepted the result and tried to get used to it. |
| D．She became a flyer. |
We can learn from the last paragraph that Brittany __________
| A．doesn't think she is better than others |
| B．is not well prepared for the future |
| C．takes a positive attitude towards life |
| D．likes the challenge of learning new things |
What's the best title for the text?
| A．A new leg, a new life |
| B．A new cheerleader, a new record |
| C．Passing the test |
| D．Seeking advantages |
A
Disabled Students' Allowances are grants (补助金） to help meet the extra costs of studying that students face as a direct result of a disability or specific learning difficulty.
The allowances provide help for full-time, part-time and postgraduate students. The amount you can get does not depend on your household income. You do not have to repay this help.
Do you qualify?
To apply, you will have to show your local authority written proof of your disability from an appropriate medical professional.
If you have a specific learning difficulty such as dyslexia (诵读困难），the local authority may ask you to have an independent assessment carried out to establish this.
Your local authority cannot meet the costs of this assessment. If you cannot afford to pay for it, you can apply to your college or university for help through the Access to Learning Fund.
You can apply if you are studying：
a full-time course that lasts at least one year.
a part-time course that lasts one year and doesn't take more than twice as long to complete as an equivalent(相同的)full-time course.
However, you will not be eligible (有资格的) for Disabled Students' Allowances if you receive a bursary (奖学金） from the NHS (the National Health Service). Bursaries are similar to grants and are usually linked to a certain profession or qualification.
How much do you get?
That will depend on your particular circumstances. If you are a part-time student，the intensity of your course will also affect how much you can receive.
How are they paid?
Student Finance Direct will pay the money into your account as needed, or directly to the supplier of services, for example, your university, college or equipment supplier. What could be the best title for the passage?
| A．How to apply for Disabled Students’ Allowances |
| B．How to be qualified for Disabled Students' Allowances |
| C．Disabled Students' Allowances |
| D．How much Disabled Students' Allowances can you apply for? |
The underlined word “establish” （in Paragraph 5) probably means __________
| A．to make people accept a belief, claim, custom, etc. |
| B．to discover or prove the facts of a situation |
| C．to start or create an organization, etc. |
| D．to start a relationship with another person, group or country |
A student who gets Disabled Students' Allowances __________
| A．should apply to his college or university for them in advance |
| B．is required to return the allowances after he finishes his education |
| C．might get more allowances if he finishes his course in a longer time |
| D．should not receive scholarships from the NHS at the same time |
A mother from Colorado who doctors said had died while giving birth to her son, has said it is a Christmas miracle that both she and the boy are alive.
Tracey Hermanstorfer's heart stopped beating and her son Coltyn appeared lifeless after the Caesarean section(剖腹产手术）on Christmas Eve. However a few minutes after he was born, both began breathing again. Dr Stephanie Martin told Good Morning America she could not explain how the pair survived. Mrs. Hermanstorfer and her husband Mike told the American television show that their baby was now healthy and that they were doing “good” following the drama at Colorado Springs Memorial Hospital.
The couple，who already had two children, had to go into the hospital seven weeks earlier than planned. Her husband, 37, said his wife was tired after receiving an epidural (硬膜夕卜麻醉）during the labour (分娩)but after closing her eyes, she "wasn't waking up". She stopped breathing and she is believed to have suffered a heart attack before her heart stopped beating entirely.
Dr Martin said she was called in and that the outlook was grim since in most situations like this，"despite the best efforts of the team"，the mother was often unable to be revived. In that case doctors then tried to focus on delivering the baby but when he was born he was "completely lifeless".
Mr. Hermanstorfer told the Associated Press news agency，" I had everything in the world taken from me, and in an hour and a half I had everything given to me. "
Dr Martin said she did not have a “great explanation" for why Mrs. Hermanstorfer、heartbeat re-turned. "Somewhere between four and five minutes she had been without heart rate and had stopped breathing a minute or two prior to her heart stop-ping," she said. The doctors were then able to bring the baby back to life, and the mother was alive after that.
Despite tests, she said doctors were still not sure about what had happened. However Mrs. Hermanstorfer and her husband Mike have said they believed it was down to a miracle. She said，“I got a second chance in life. ” The story happened on __________
| A．December 24 |
| B．December 25 |
| C．December 31 |
| D．January 1 |
What might have happened to Tracey Hermanstorfer just before her heart stopped beating?
| A．She became unconscious. |
| B．She took a nap. |
| C．She had a bad headache. |
| D．She suffered a heart attack. |
Which of the following is the correct order of what happened to Tracey Hermanstorfer?
a. suffering a heart attack
b. stopping heart beating entirely
c. stopping breathing
d. coming back to life
e. receiving an epidural
f. producing a baby
| A．acfdbe |
| B．fcadbe |
| C．eacbfd |
| D．eabcfd |
What feelings did Mr. Hermanstorfer experience during the incident?
| A．Sad and delighted. |
| B．Disappointed and depressed. |
| C．Sad and angry. |
| D．Touched and regrettable. |
Which of the following words best expresses Dr Martin's attitude towards Tracey Hermanstorfer's coming back to life?
| A．Shocked. |
| B．Puzzled. |
| C．Normal. |
| D．Curious. |
It's not unusual for parents to stay with sick children round the clock. But the floor nurses noticed something special about Kathy. She was always smiling even on days when Michael was very ill or received bad news about blood tests. “It was never about Kathy or the sacrifices she was making，”says Debra ,one of Michael's nurses. "She never let Michael see how hard this was on her. ”
One day, Michael told one of the nurses, Felice ,that he was so impressed by what she and the other nurses did, he planned to enroll in the nursing program when he was healthy enough to go back to college.
Michael always believed he would conquer the disease. He'd done so with other hurdles in his life. Born a premature(早产的婴儿），he overcame a learning disability and was admitted into a regular classroom by the third grade. Despite good grades, he did poorly on his SATs，the college entrance exam. He gave up a trip to take a summer prep program at Widener University, south of Philadelphia, then entered as a freshman that fall. He was always told he was too short to play sports, yet he managed to be-come a linebacker (中后卫球员）on Widener's Division ID football team.
When the third round of chemo(化疗）was finished, Michael returned home to await the results. A few weeks later, Kathy and Matthew were extremely sad when Selina Luger, the doctor in charge of Michael's illness, pulled them aside in the hall of the clinic ,out of Michael's earshot, and told them, “The chemo didn't work. Michael's incurable. ”
Matthew was shell-shocked at the news. Like his son，he always believed they would beat this. This can't be the end of it； he tried to convince himself. Kathy wept against a hallway window while Dr. Luger and Matthew walked into an exam room. We can learn from the first paragraph that __________
| A．Kathy didn't care about her son's illness |
| B．Kathy made few sacrifices for her son's illness |
| C．Kathy cared much about her son's illness but never showed her anxiety |
| D．Kathy didn't feel sad despite her son's illness |
How many hurdles in Michael's life are mentioned in the passage?
| A．Two. |
| B．Three. |
| C．Four. |
| D．Five. |
What do we know about Michael from the passage?
| A．He was born with the deadly disease. |
| B．He enrolled in the nursing program before he went to college. |
| C．He did well in his study in high school. |
| D．He acted as a linebacker just because he was too tall. |
We can conclude from the passage that Michael's father __________
| A．thought his son would make a recovery |
| B．was disappointed with his son's disease |
| C．was sure that his son would be better very soon |
| D．doubted if his son would be well |