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City officials are hoping to use the power of dog droppings. San Franciscans already recycle more than 60% of their dogs’ droppings, but in this dog-friendly town, such wastes make up nearly 4% of residential waste, or 6,500 tons a year.
Within the next few months, Norcal Waste, a company that collects San Francisco’s wastes, will begin a trial program under which it uses biodegradable (生物分解的) bags and dog-waste carts to pick up droppings at a popular dog park.
The droppings will be thrown into a machine called a methane digester (沼气处理机), which is basically a tank in which bacteria feed on droppings for weeks to create methane gas.
The methane could then be piped directly to a gas stove, a steam heater, an air turbine or anything else powered by natural gas. It can also be used to produce electricity.
Someone doubts whether this plan is practical. But Norcal Waste spokesman, Robert Reed points to San Francisco’s creative food composting (混合肥料) program, which began 10 years ago. It is a proof that an unusual idea can work in this forward-thinking city. Norcal Waste collects 300 tons of food left over after meals per day from homes and restaurants and changes it into a rich fertilizer sold to grape farms and organic farms.
Methane digesters are nothing new. The technology was introduced in Europe about 20 years ago, and more than 600 farm-based digesters are in operation there. Nine are in use on California cow farms, and chicken and pig farms elsewhere in the United States also use them.
“The main obstacle is probably getting communities around the country the courage to collect dog droppings, to give value to something we’d rather not talk about,” Brinton, a recycling and composting consultant, said. “San Francisco is probably the king of pet cities. This could be an advantage of it, which is very important.”
Some other experts believe energy production from dog droppings must become more attractive economically before it gets popular. Landfill space is relatively cheap, and natural gas and electricity also remain fairly inexpensive. However, Reed said confidently, “Now, the city authorities asked us to look at dog waste specifically.”
61. How many dogs’ droppings can be recycled at present per year in San Francisco?
A. About 6,500 tons. B. About 169,000 tons.
C. About 260 tons. D. About 3,900 tons.
62. It can be inferred from the passage that .
A. there are many pets that are treated well in San Francisco
B. Norcal Waste is a company of refuse (垃圾) treatment, which collects dog wastes only
C. most of the farms in Europe use Methane digesters
D. Brinton doesn’t feel optimistic about the collection of dog droppings in San Francisco
63. The underlined word “obstacle” in Paragraph 7 most probably means .
A. interest B. effect C. difficulty D. purpose
64. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. San Francisco is a city full of innovation.
B. Dog droppings can be changed into methane gas in several days.
C. It is the first time to utilize animal waste in San Francisco.
D. Utilizing dog droppings presently is more economical than the landfill.
65. Which of the following can be the best title of this passage?
A. Animal wastes collection by Norcal Waste
B. Changing dog droppings into energy
C. Methane digester technology in San Francisco
D. A dog droppings composting program
Memphis is the largest city in the southern State of Tennessee, USA. The Mississippi River flows along the west side of the city. Memphis is the chief center of business, industry and transportation in Tennessee.
650,000 people live in the city. More than one million people live in the area. Like many other American cities, Memphis has had racial problems. About forty-eight percent of the city’s population is African American. In 1968, city workers who collected waste went on strike. Most of the workers were black. The famous civil rights leader Martin Luther King Junior went to Memphis to support the workers. On April 4th, King was murdered in Memphis by James Earl Ray. After Mr. King’s death, the city worked to improve living conditions for black people. In 1991, voters elected W.E.Herenton the city’s first black mayor. The same ye
ar, Memphis opened the National Civil Rights Museum. It was built next to the place where Martin Luther King was killed. Many people visit the museum to learn about the history of the American civil rights movement. Today, people from across the United States and around the world visit Memphis,where tourism has become a major industry..
There are aboutAfrican Americans living in Memphis.
| A．312,000 | B．480,000 | C．650,000 | D．1,000,000 |
.
Which of the following statement is NOT true according to the passage?
| A．Martin Luther King was killed in the city of Memphis by James Earl Ray in 1968. |
| B．W.E.Herenton was elected the first black mayor of Memphis in 1991. |
| C．Memphis opened the National Civil Rights Museum in 1991. |
| D．Martin Luther King was elected mayor of Memphis. |
.
The title for the passage should be .
| A．How to fight against slavery | B．National Civil Rights Museum |
| C．Memphis | D．A black mayor |
If you go to Juliano’s restaurant in San Francisco, you can’t get a cup of coffee or a hot cheese sandwich. All the food in the restaurant is raw, including the pizza and the rice.
Juliano thinks that cooked food makes us sick. “Food is alive, like you and me. When you cook food, you take away some of the vitamins,” he says. Juliano never eats food that is over 50 degrees. His restaurant doesn’t have a stove（火炉）or a microwave（微波炉）. But he has lots of clever ideas for making raw food taste great. Instead of heat, Juliano uses water to prepare food. He puts foods in water to make them soft. For example, he places beans in water for a few days and rice in water for two to four weeks.
Everything at the restaurant is cold, and the pizza and the rice taste good. So do the fruit and vegetable juices made from carrots, apples, oranges and so on. Juliano’s restaurant doesn’t serve meat, but some people who eat raw food also eat raw meat. Juliano has three friends who ate 
raw meat. They all got very sick. One of them is still sick.
Juliano eats mostly fruits, vegetables, nuts, rice and beans. He says he feels very healthy. “Raw food gives you lots of energy,” he says. Juliano says he needs only six hours of sleep a night, and he never gets sick..
How is the food in Juliano’s restaurant prepared?
| A．Foods are heated on a stove to a certain degree. |
| B．Foods are cooled in a fridge. |
| C．Foods are put into water to make them soft. |
| D．Foods are boiled and then cooled. |
.
. What is NOT served in Juliano’s restaurant?
| A．Carrot juice. | B．Cold pizza. | C．Hot meat. | D．Raw rice. |
.
. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
| A．Eating raw meat may make people sick. |
| B．People will like eating raw food in the future. |
| C．Juliano has not enough money to buy cooking equipment. |
| D．Restaurants like Juliano’s are very popular in America. |
.
. What is the main idea of the passage?
| A．A special restaurant in San Francisco. |
| B．A man who eats only raw food. |
| C．Raw food is better than cooked food. |
| D．How to make raw food taste good. |
After her husband had gone to work, Mrs. Richards sent her children to school and went upstairs to her bedroom. She was too excited to do any housework that morning, for in the evening she would be going to a fancy-dress party with her husband. She intended to dress up as a ghost（幽灵） and as she had made her costume the night before, she was impatient to try it on. Though the costume consisted only of a sheet, it was very effective. After putting it on, Mrs. Richards went downstairs. She wanted to find out whether it would be comfortable to wear.
Just as Mrs. Richards was entering the dining room, there was a knock on the front door. She knew that it must be the baker. She had told him to come straight in if ever she failed to open the door and leave the bread on the kitchen table. Not wanting to frighten the poor man, Mrs. Richards quickly hid in the small storeroom under the stairs. She heard the front door open and heavy footsteps in the hall. Suddenly the door of the storeroom was opened and a man entered. Mrs. Richards realized that it must be the man from the Electricity Board who had come to read the meter. She tried to explain the situation, saying “ It’s only me”, but it was too late. The man let out a cr
y and jumped back several paces. When Mrs. Richards walked towards him, he fled（逃走）, slamming（砰然关上） the door behind him..
Mrs. Richards went upstairs becau
se.
| A．she did not need to do any housework |
| B．she still had to finish the costume she was going to wear |
| C．she wanted to change her clothes before doing the housework |
| D．she wanted to change into her fancy-dress costume |
.
. What do you think of Mrs. Richards’ costume?
| A．She had the costume made tonight. |
| B．It was comfortable to wear. |
| C．It didn’t work because it was made of only a sheet. |
| D．It was effective for the fancy dress. |
.
. By saying “ It’s only me”, Mrs. Richards hoped.
| A．the man would realize she was alone |
| B．to persuade the man he was seeing a ghost |
| C．the man would recognize her |
| D．the man would not close the door of the storeroom |
.
Suppose you are the man from the Electricity Board, how do you feel in that situation?
| A．Satisfied | B．Frightened | C．Worried | D．Disappointed. |
Since the early 1990s, the Internet has greatly changed the way people communicate. But some teachers think the changes are not all for the better.
Eleanor Johnson, an English professor at Columbia University in New York, says, “Ｉthink text messaging has made students believe that it is far more acceptable than it actually is to just make spelling and grammatical mistakes.” She says her students over the past several years have increasingly used less formal English in their writing. She says words and phrases like “you know” now appearing research papers. And she now has to talk about another problem in class---incorrect word use.
Professor Johnson doubts a strong connection between the rise of communication online and an increase in writing mistakes. But she admits there may not be much scientific proof, at least not yet.
David Crystal, a British language expert, says the actively changing nature of the Internet makes it difficult to stay unchanged in studying its effects. But he
believes its effect on language is small. He says, “The main effect of the Internet on language has been to increase the expressive richness of language, providing the language with a new set of communicative content that didn’t exist in the past.” Erin Jansen, founder of an online dictionary of Internet and text messaging terms, says his new technology has not changed existing language but has greatly added to the vocabulary. “Basically it is a freedom of expression,” she says, “If it is helping them write more or communicate more, that is great. That is what teachers and educators want---to get students communicating.”
But Erin Jansen and David Crystal agree with Eleanor Jonson
on at least one thing. Teachers need to make sure students understand the uses and rules of language. According to the text, which of the following statements is TRUE?
| A．David Crystal thinks the Internet makes the language expression richer. |
| B．David Crystal believes the Internet’s effects on language use are clear |
| C．Eleanor Johnson thinks writing mistakes has much to do with the Internet |
| D．Eleanor Johnson thinks all the Internet effects on language use are good |
. Eleanor Johnson is mentioned to _______.
| A．share her idea of the great effects of using the Internet |
| B．tell people a way to correct students’ writing mistakes |
| C．serve as an example of teachers’ blaming the Internet |
| D．warn people against the dangers of using the Internet |
What do the three experts have in common as to the Internet effect?
| A．The possibilities of avoiding the use of less formal words |
| B．The causes of the Internet’s great effects on language |
| C．The necessity of helping students reduce writing mistakes |
| D．The importance of students’ knowing how to use language |
. What could be the best title for the text?
| A．Students’ Learning and the Internet: Good or Bad? |
| B．Students’ Writing and the Internet: Good or Bad? |
| C．Students’ Papers and the Internet: Good or Bad? |
| D．Students’ Mistakes and the Internet: Good or Bad? |
There are two kinds of physical activity which require special training. The first demands exact, careful movements of the muscles（肌肉）.This kind of activity must be strictly controlled because even a slight movement in the wrong direction will lead to a mistake. To type quickly, for example, a person needs training; the slightest movement of a finger in the wrong direction may cause a spelling mistake. A dancer who has to dance on the point of her shoes or turn around on one foot must be trained for a long period of time before she can
sense her own center and balance herself. You may have seen a girl walking on a rope across an empty space, which, too, requires a lot of practice.
The second kind of physical activity needs greater strength or extra 
effort. Most of us get tired if we try to run half a mile without stopping, but a specially-trained person can do this without much effort. Three years ago, some scientists carried out experiments, which produced meaningful and unexpected results. They wanted to find out whether a certain amount of physical exercise would injure those suffering from heart problems. They selected some male patients and trained them in continuous bicycle riding. They were surprised to find that the harmful effect of a given amount of physical effort was actually less on the hearts of these trained patients than on those of the patients who were not similarly trained. This is important because it shows that regular physical exercise enables us to
make better use of the oxygen we breathe in and that this training, in fact, reduces the amount of work our hearts do. Many tasks which are hard for untrained people are not hard at all for trained people..The first kind of physical activity must be strictly controlled because ______.
| A．a mistake in the wrong direction is dangerous to the fingers |
| B．a wrong movement in a direction will cause no mistakes |
| C．a movement in the wrong direction will cause a mistake |
| D．a slight movement of a finger will lead to a mistake |
.
What must a dancer do before she can balance herself?
| A．she must dance on the point of her shoes | B．she must receive long-time training |
| C．she must turn around on one foot | D．she must perform again and again |
.
The experiments done by some scientists showed that __________.
| A．some male patients were asked to ride bicycles regularly in the experiments | B．the physical exercise had more harmful effect on the hearts of the untrained patients |
| C．the physical exercise was harmless to the male patients with heart trouble | |
| D．the physical exercise could be helpful for the patients to take in more oxygen |
. What would be the best title for this text?
| A．Training Our Bodies | B．Physical Activities |
| C．Movement Training | D．Extra Body Effort |