Gandhi, an Indian national hero, (31) ______(honor) as the father of the Indian nation. He has been respected and beloved by the Indians.
He was born in India in 1869. Following the local custom, he got (32) _____ (marry) at the age of 13. In 1888 he sailed to England, (33) he studied law for three years and then became a (34) (law). On his return to India, he was sent to South Africa to work on a law case.
In South Africa he (35) ______ (surprise) found that the problem of racial discrimination was serious. There he formed an (36) ______(organize) and started a magazine to fight for equal rights.
Gandhi returned to India in 1915, when India was controlled by the British. He led the Indians to fight for an end to the British rule and (37) ______ (depend) for his country. In the political movement many Indians, ____________ (38) (include) Gandhi, were put in prison. (39) ______, the struggles never stopped. The British government had to give in and India won its independence in 1947. (40) ______ (fortunate)，Gandhi was shot by an Indian who opposed his views and died on January 30th, 1948.
Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asia's biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top____61_(attract).
So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the not-for-profit Panda Base, where ticket money helps pay for research, I_____62_（allow）to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre. From tomorrow, I will be their UK ambassador. The title will be __63___(official) given to me at a ceremony in London. But my connection with pandas goes back ____64__ my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, ____65_ I was the first Western TV reporter__66___ (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. My ambassadorial duties will include ____67_(introduce) British visitors to the 120-plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.
On my recent visit, I help a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by _____68_ (it) mother. The nursery team switches him every few __69__( day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed, __70____ other is with mum-she never suspects.
Secret codes (密码)keep messages private。Banks, companies, and government agencies use secret codes in doing business, especially when information is sent by computer.
People have used secret codes for thousands of years. 36 Code breaking never lags(落后) far behind code making. The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography.
There are three main types of cryptography. 37 For example, the first letters of "My elephant eats too many eels" Spell out the hidden message "Meet me."
38 You might represent each letter with a number, For example, Let's number the letters of the alphabet, in order, from 1 to 26. If we substitute a number for each letter, the message "Meet me" would read "13 5 20 13 5."
A code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences. To read the message of a real code, you must have a code book. 39 For example "bridge" might stand for "meet" and "out" might stand for "me." The message "bridge out" would actually mean "Meet me." 40 However, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So codes must be changed frequently.
| A． |
It is very hard to break a code without the code book. |
| B． |
In any language, some letters are used more than others. |
| C． |
Only people who know the keyword can read the message. |
| D． |
As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them. |
| E． |
You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out. |
| F． |
With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words. |
| G． |
Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet. |
AnExtensionoftheHumanBrain
Other people can help us compensate for our mental and emotional deficiencies (欠缺)，much as a wooden leg can compensate for a physical deficiency. To be exact, other people can extend our intelligence and help us understand and adjust our emotions. When another person helps us in such ways, he or she is participating in what I've called a "social prosthetic (义肢的）system." Such systems do not need to operate face-to-face, and it's clear to me that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems. It's already a big bank of many minds. Even in its current state, the Internet has extended my memory and judgment.
Regarding memory: Once I look up something on the Internet, I don't need to keep all the details for future use-I know where to find that information again and can quickly and easily do so. More generally, the Internet functions as if it were my memory. This function of the Internet is particularly striking when I'm writing; I'm no longer comfortable writing if I'm not connected to the Internet. It's become natural to check facts as I write, taking a minute or two to dip into PubMed, Wikipedia, or other websites.
Regarding judgment: The Internet has made me smarter in matters small and large. For example, when I'm writing a textbook, it has become second nature to check a dozen definitions of a key term, which helps me dig into the core and understand its meaning. But more than that, I now regularly compare my views with those of many others. If I have a " new idea," I now quickly look to see whether somebody else has already thought of it, or something similar-and I then compare what I think with what others have thought. This certainly makes my own views clearer. Moreover, I can find out whether my reactions to an event are reasonable enough by reading about those of others on the Internet.
These effects of the Internet have become even more striking since I've begun using a smartphone. I now regularly pull out my phone to check a fact, watch a video, read weibo. Such activities fill the spaces that used to be dead time (such as waiting for somebody to arrive for a lunch meeting).
But that's the upside (好处).The downside is that in those dead periods I often would let my thoughts flow and sometimes would have an unexpected insight or idea. Those opportunities are now fewer and farther between.
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An Extension of the Human Brain |
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A prosthetic nature |
荫 ●The (71) ▲can help make up for our mental and emotional deficiencies as a wooden leg can compensate for a bodily deficiency. • ●It (72) ▲in our daily events, extending our intelligence, comprehending our feelings, and expanding the range of social activities. |
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Wonderful aspects: memory and judgment |
• ●On the Internet, we could quickly and easily locate the details, and check facts, without (73) ▲them in mind. |
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• ●The Internet makes us smarter over (74) ▲kinds of things. It provides a dozen definitions of a key term for us to find the (75) ▲of the matter. • ●The Internet enables us to exchange ideas with many others to (76) ▲our claims, and to (77) ▲our actions. |
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The (78) ▲sides of smartphones |
• ●Smartphones make it easier and more (79) ▲to check reality, watch video clips, read weibo. |
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• ●Smartphones (80) ▲the possibility for new and insightful minds, and steal away our dead time. |
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Enough"meaningless drivel"．That's the message from a group of members of the UK government who have been examining how social media firms like LinkedIn gather and use social media data．
The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee's report，released last week，has blamed firms for making people sign up to long incomprehensible legal contracts and calls for an international standard or kitemark （认证标记） to identify sites that have clear terms and conditions．
"The term and conditions statement that we all carelessly agree to is meaningless drivel to anyone，"says Andrew Miller，the chair of the committee．Instead，he says，firms should provide a plain﹣English version of their terms．The simplified version would be checked by a third party and awarded a kitemark if it is an accurate reflection of the original．
It is not yet clear who would administer the scheme，but the UK government is looking at introducing it on a voluntary basis．"we need to think through how we make that work in practice，"says Miller．
Would we pay any more attention to a kitemark？"I think if you went and did the survey，people would like to think they would，"says Nigel Shadbolt at the University of Southampton，UK，who studies open data．"We do know people worry a lot about the inappropriate use of their information．"But what would happen in practice is another matter，he says．
Other organisations such as banks ask customers to sign long contracts they may not read or understand，but Miller believes social media requires special attention because it is so new．"We still don't know how significant the long﹣term impact is going to be of unwise things that kids put on social media that come back and bite them in 20years'time，"he says．
Shadbolt，who gave evidence to the committee，says the problem is that we don't know how companies will use our data because their business models and uses of data are still evolving．Large collections of personal information have become valuable only recently，he says．
The shock and anger when a social media firm does something with data that people don't expect，even if users have apparently permission，show that the current situation isn't working．If properly administered，a kitemark on terms and conditions could help people know what exactly they are signing up to．Although they would still have to actually read them．
73．What does the phrase"meaningless drivel"in paragraphs 1and 3 refer to？
A．Legal contracts that social media firms make people sign up to．
B．Warnings from the UK government against unsafe websites．
C．Guidelines on how to use social media websites properly．
D．Insignificant data collected by social media firms．
74．It can be inferred from the passage that Nigel Shadbolt doubts whether ．
A．social media firms would conduct a survey on the kitemark scheme
B．people would pay as much attention to a kitemark as they think
C．a kitemark scheme would be workable on a nationwide scale
D．the kitemark would help companies develop their business models
75．Andrew Miller thinks social media needs more attention than banks mainly because ．
A．their users consist largely of kids under 20years old
B．the language in their contracts is usually harder to understand
C．the information they collected could become more valuable in future
D．it remains unknown how users'data will be taken advantage of
76．The writer advises users of social media to ．
A．think carefully before posting anything onto such websites
B．read the terms and conditions even if there is a kitemark
C．take no further action if they can find a kitemark
D．avoid providing too much personal information
77．Which of the following is the best title of the passage？
A．Say no to social media？
B．New security rules in operation？
C．Accept without reading？
D．Administration matters!
Is there link between humans and climate change or not？This question was first studied in the early 1900s．Since then，many scientists have thought that our actions do make a difference．In 1997，the Kyoto Protocol explained our role in the Earth's changing atmosphere and set international limits for gas emissions（排放） from 2008 to 2012．Some countries have decided to continue these reductions until 2020．More recently，the Paris Agreement，stuck by nearly 200 countries，also aims to limit global warming．But just now how much warmer it will get depends on how deeply countries cut carbon emissions．
70．It can be concluded from paragraph 1that ．
A．the problem of global warming will have been quite solved by 2020
B．gas emissions have been effectively reduced in developed countries
C．the Paris Agreements is more influential than the Kyoto Protocol
D．humans have made continuous efforts to slow down global warming
71．If nations could only keep the initial promises of the Paris Agreement，what would happen by the year 2100？
A．The human population would increase by one third．
B．Little over 50% of all species would still exist．
C．Nations would not need to tighten their emissions targets．
D．The Agreement's minimum goal would not be reached．
72．If those island nations not far above sea level are to survive，the maximum temperature rise，since the start of the industrial age，should be ．
A.0.8℃
B.1.5℃
C.2℃
D.3.5℃