You finish a workout and feel great. Then you get up the next morning and your exercised muscles feel sore. You find it hard to lift your arms and brush your teeth, or bend down to pick up a book. What has happened?
Scientists call this soreness 24 to 48 hours after your exercise “delayed onset (延迟发作) of muscle soreness”, or DOMS. It is caused by microscopic damage to muscle fibers, which releases chemicals. The chemicals irritate (刺激) nerve fibers and cause pain.
Muscle soreness is a good sign. It means that you have challenged your muscles and are getting stronger. Everyone experiences it, even the best athletes. But it can be avoided by using the right exercise methods. Here are some tips:
* Warm up before you work out. This is helpful to avoid muscle soreness, but more importantly to avoid injury. It starts circulation to the muscles and warms the muscles and tendons, getting them ready for exercise.
* Stretch after your workout. After exercising, make sure you stretch your muscles for 15 to 20 seconds before they cool down. They will be warm and elastic (弹性的) so they will stretch well.
* Don’t do too much too soon. Whether it’s jogging, running, whatever workout routine you are starting, just do half of the exercise volume the first week to introduce your muscles to the exercises.
If you are already feeling muscles soreness, here are some ways to help relieve it.
* Get a massage (按摩). Lightly massage the sore muscle and gradually increase the depth of the massage. It might be painful in the beginning but it will gradually ease the muscle soreness.
* Take a hot bath. Nothing beats a long soak in a hot bath for muscle soreness. The heat will increase circulation and provide a soothing (舒缓) effect.
* Flush your muscles. Run hot (as hot as you can bear) water over the sore muscles for two minutes and then immediately switch to cold water for 30 seconds. Repeat this process five times. This has the effect of opening and closing your blood vessels (血管). It will flush the acid (酸物质) from them and ease the soreness.
* Exercise gently. Go for a slow walk and breathe deeply. This helps reduce muscle soreness by increasing blood flow to the sore muscles.
72. What is the purpose of this article?
A. To tell readers to exercise more for fitness.
B. To warn readers of the side effects of exercise.
C. To give readers advice on how to avoid and relieve muscle soreness.
D. To introduce good forms of exercise.
73. The article suggests that before exercise we should ______.
A. stretch our muscles B. have a massage
C. have a hot shower D. warm up our muscles
74. From this article we can conclude that muscle soreness is caused by ______.
A. damaged muscle fibers B. damaged nerve fibers
C. a bad circulation to the muscles D. exercise injuries
75. Judging from the article, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. Only beginners get muscle soreness.
B. Muscle soreness means you have physical problems and should stop exercising.
C. Muscle soreness is a good sign because it means that the muscles are getting stronger.
D. Muscle soreness can be relieved by increasing the amount of exercise.
Do you know how it is when you see someone yawn and you start yawning too? Or how hard it is to be among people laughing and not laugh yourself? Well, apparently it's because we have mirror neurons (神经元)in our brains.
Put simply, the existence of mirror neurons suggests that every time we see someone else do something, our brains imitate (模仿)it, whether or not we actually perform the same action. This explains a great deal about how we learn to smile, talk, walk, dance or play sports. But the idea goes further: mirror neurons not only appear to explain physical actions,they also tell us that there is a biological basis for the way we understand other people.
Mirror neurons can undoubtedly be found all over our brains,but especially in the areas which relate to our ability to use languages,and to understand how other people feel. Researchers have found that mirror neurons relate strongly to language. A group of researchers discovered that if they gave people sentences to listen to (for example: "The hand took hold of the ball"), the same mirror neurons were triggered as when the action was actually performed (in this example, actually taking hold of a ball).
Any problems with mirror neurons may well result in problems with behavior. Much research suggests that people with social and behavioral problems have mirror neurons which are not fully functioning. However, it is not yet known exactly how these discoveries might help find treatments for social disorders.
Research into mirror neurons seems to provide us with ever more information concerning how humans behave and interact(互动).Indeed, it may turn out to be the equivalent (相等物)for neuroscience of what Einstein's theory of relativity was for physics. And the next time you feel the urge to cough in the cinema when someone else does—well, perhaps you'll understand why.Mirror neurons can explain _____.
A.why we cry when we are hurt |
B.why we cough when we suffer from a cold |
C.why we smile when we see someone else smile |
D.why we yawn when we see someone else stay up late |
The underlined word "triggered" in the third paragraph probably means “____”.
A.set off | B.cut off |
C.built up | D.broken up |
We can learn from the passage that mirror neurons _____.
A.relate to human behavior and interaction |
B.control human physical actions and feelings |
C.result in bad behavior and social disorders |
D.determine our knowledge and language abilities |
What is the passage mainly about?
A.Ways to find mirror neurons. |
B.Problems of mirror neurons. |
C.Existence of mirror neurons. |
D.Functions of mirror neurons. |
Finally, a cell phone
That's ... a phone
With rates as low as $3.75 per week!
“Well, I finally did it. I finally decided to enter the digital age and get a cell phone. My kids have been annoying me and the last straw was when my car broke down,and I was stuck by the highway for an hour before someone stopped to help. But when I went to the cell phone store, I almost changed my mind. The phones all have cameras, computers and a "global-positioning" something or other that's supposed to spot me from space. Goodness, all I want to do is to be able to talk to my grandkids! The people at the store weren't much help. They couldn't understand why someone wouldn't want a phone the size of a postage stamp. And the rate plans! They were confusing, and expensive ... and the contract (合同)lasted for two years! I'd almost given up until a friend told me about her new Jitterbug phone. Now, I have the convenience and safety of being about to stay in touch --- with a phone I can actually use. ”
Affordable plans that I can understand一and no contract to sign (签订)! Unlike other cell phones,Jitterbug has plans that make sense. Why should I pay for minutes I'm never going to use? And if I do talk more than I plan, I won't find myself with no minutes like my friend who has a prepaid phone. Best of all, there is no contract to sign—so I'm not locked in for years at a time. The US-based customer service is second to none. And the phone gets service anywhere in the country.
Monthly Minutes |
50 |
100 |
Monthly Rate |
$14.99 |
$19.99 |
911 Access |
FREE |
FREE |
Long Distance Calls |
No additional charge |
No additional charge |
Friendly Return Policy |
30 days |
30 days |
Call now and receive a FREE gift when you order. Try Jitterbug for 30 days and if you don't love it, just return it! Why wait, the Jitterbug comes ready to use right out of the box. If you aren't as happy with it as I am, you can return it and get your money back. Call now, the Jitterbug product experts are ready to answer your questions. Call 1-888-809-8794 or visit www. jitterbugdirect.com.What made “I” finally think of getting a cell phone?
A.Being stuck by the highway. |
B.Being urged by his grandkids. |
C.Being persuaded by cell phone salespersons. |
D.Being attracted by the friendly return policy. |
On the monthly basis of 100 minutes, the Jitterbug weekly rate is about ____.
A.$3.75 | B.$4.99 | C.$14. 99 | D.$19.99 |
An advantage of Jitterbug mentioned in the passage is _____.
A.its discount price with a free gift |
B.its reasonable rate plans without a contract |
C.its “global-positioning” system with 911 access |
D.its good customer service all over the world |
The main purpose of the passage is to _____.
A.tell a customer's story of Jitterbug |
B.provide two ways to order Jitterbug |
C.give a brief introduction of Jitterbug |
D.attract potential customers to Jitterbug |
In summer, millions of people will head for the beach.And while the ocean can be a great place to swim and play, it may also be useful in another way.Some scientists think that waves could help make electricity.
“Have you ever been on a surfboard or boat and felt yourself being lifted up by a wave? Or have you jumped in the water and felt the energy as waves crashed over you?” asked Jamie Taylor of the Wave Energy Group at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland.“There is certainly a lot of energy in waves.”
Scientists are working on using that energy to make electricity.
Most waves are created when winds blow across the ocean.“The winds start out by making little ripples (波纹) in the water, but if they keep on blowing , those ripples get bigger and bigger and turn into waves, ”Taylor said.“Waves are one of nature’s ways of picking up energy and then sending it off on a journey.”
When waves come towards the shore, people can set up dams or other barricades to block the water and send it through a large wheel called a turbine (涡轮) .The turbine can then power an electrical generator (发电机) .
The United States and a few other countries have started doing research on wave energy , and it is already being used in Scotland.
The resource is huge.We will never run out of wave power, besides, wave energy does not create the same pollution as other energy sources, such as oil and coal.
Oceans cover three quarters of the earth’s surface.That would make wave power seem perfect for creating energy around the world.There are some drawbacks, however.
Jamie Taylor said that wave power still cost too much money.He said that its effects on animals in the sea were still unknown.Plus, wave power would get in the way of fishing and boat traffic.
With more research, however, “many of these problems might be overcome,” Taylor said.“Demand for energy to power our TVs and computers, drive our cars, and heat and cool our homes is growing quickly throughout the world.Finding more energy sources is very important, for traditional sources of energy like oil and gas may run out some day.”
In the future, when you turn on a light switch, an ocean wave could be providing the electricity!Which of the following is NOT true?
A.Wave power costs too much money. |
B.Wave energy creates the same amount of pollution as other energy sources. |
C.Wave power affects fishing and boat traffic. |
D.Wave power may affect marine animals. |
We can infer from the passage that ______.
A.finding new energy sources like wave energy is important |
B.wave energy is a resource that will never run out and is used all over the world |
C.wave power is perfect for creating energy around the world |
D.wave power doesn’t create any pollution. |
The underlined word “drawbacks” probably means ______.
A.regrets | B.adventures |
C.disadvantages | D.difficulties |
What can be the best title for the passage?
A.How to Get Electricity by Waves. |
B.A Huge Resource of Energy. |
C.Can Waves Make Electricity? |
D.The Disadvantages of Wave Energy. |
Hello, Listeners. Welcome to Henton Hospital Radio. Before our music programme at four, I’m going to repeat some of our hospital rules.
The hospital can sleep 800 patients. There’re 8 beds in each ward (病房). The visiting hours are in the afternoon from 2:30 to 3:30 and in the evening from 7:00 to 8:00. But remember only two people can see you at the same time. Sorry about that, but you can see what would happen if we didn’t have these rules.
The other rules are about our hours. We start quite early---you might not be used to that. We wake you at 6 o’clock, and breakfast is at 8 o’clock, lunch is at noon.
There’s tea at 3:30 and supper is at 6 o’clock.
You can see the non-smoking sign---we don’t allow smoking in the wards. I’m sure you understand why. However, if you do need to smoke, there are some smoking rooms where it is allowed.
You will find the radio switch on the wall near your bed, with your own headphones, if you want to listen. It’s our own hospital radio wishing you a quick recovery.Who do you think the listeners might be?
A.Patients. | B.Visitors. |
C.Doctors | D.Nurses |
Which is Not allowed in the hospital?
A.Listening to the hospital radio. |
B.Visiting patients in the morning. |
C.Smoking in smoking-rooms. |
D.Getting up early in the morning. |
What programme will follow this radio talk?
A.Hospital rules. | B.A weather report. |
C.A free talk. | D.A music programme. |
A MILLION people on Mars within 100 years. This is the brave vision (展望) of Elon Musk, the founder of the space technology company SpaceX.
“We need to be laser-focused (全神贯注的) on becoming a multi-planet civilization. That’s the next step,” he said in a recent interview with Aeon magazine. Musk expects to see about 80,000 people living on Mars by 2040.
It’s all about protecting the human race from extinction, according to Musk.
The Earth has always been a ticking (滴答作响的) time bomb. As the sun begins to die, it will grow bigger, becoming what is known as a Red Giant. In 500 million years, the sun will have become large enough to kill off any plant and animal life on Earth, according to US scientist Edward Guinan. In a billion years, the Earth will have become a hot planet with little or no water.
The brave dream of getting the human race to Mars is not only Musk’s; others have made plans, too.
A Dutch entrepreneur set up the Mars One foundation in 2011, hoping to be the first project to put humans on Mars. It received over 200,000 applications to become part of the first group of astronauts to go there.
According to Mars One, “human settlement on Mars is possible with existing technologies.”
Water, food, energy, and oxygen are needed for life anywhere. According to Mars One, water that was still in the Martian soil would be boiled and taken out.
By using a process called “electrolysis”, astronauts could split (分离) water into hydrogen (氢气) and oxygen for breathing. Astronauts on the International Space Station have already done similar things.
Food can also be grown in space. Certain plants such as lettuce and onions can be grown using LED light for different color spectrums (光谱) and much less heat. NASA has been researching this to prepare for visiting Mars.
But how will people get there? The Mars One project plans to use SpaceX’s Dragon capsule as part of its mission. But it is rumored (传闻) that Musk already has a design in mind for a giant spaceship. He calls it the Mars Colonial Transporter.According to Elon Musk, the trip to Mars is significant because ______.
A.Earth is not the only planet that is suitable for human beings |
B.settlement on Mars could save the human race from extinction |
C.the environment on Earth will be too harsh for human beings in a few hundred years |
D.a large amount of water has just been discovered on Mars |
Mars One is a program that focuses on ______.
A.finding the source of water on Mars |
B.setting up the first human settlement on Mars |
C.developing spaceships to send people to Mars |
D.growing plants for food in space |
According to the article, “electrolysis” is a key technology that ______.
A.collects and analyzes the soil of Mars |
B.uses LED lights to help plants grow |
C.breaks down water into life-supporting elements |
D.protects life on Earth from the heat of the sun |
We can infer from the article that the author is ______ human settlements on Mars.
A.doubtful of | B.strongly against |
C.optimistic about | D.uninterested in |