RecentlysomeAmericanscientists-优题课

A migraine headache（偏头疼） can cause disabling pain．People may not feel back to normal for hours or even for days．
Migraine headaches are most common among young adults and middle-aged people．In the United States, about eighteen percent of women and six percent of men report having migraines．
People who suffer from migraines can find that different “triggers” in different people may get a headache started．Stress can act as a trigger．
Many migraine sufferers say hot weather and low barometric pressure（气压） can act as triggers, but researchers say they did not have much scientific evidence of that—until now．
In a new study, a team examined the medical records of seven thousand hospital patients．The patients had visited the emergency room at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, Massachusetts, because of a headache．More than two thousand of them had been found to have a migraine．
The team then compared those records to weather conditions in the twenty-four hours before the hospital visits．For every increase of five degrees Celsius in air temperature, the patients had a seven and one-half percent higher risk of migraine．Decreases in barometric pressure two to three days before the visit also appeared to cause headaches．
A separate study has found that age, gender and where a person has extra body fat may affect the risk of migraine．It found that overweight people between the ages of twenty and fifty-five may have a higher risk．On average, those who were larger around the middle were more likely to have migraines than those of the same age with smaller waistlines（腰围）．
Experts suggest that losing weight in the stomach area may help younger people who experience migraines, especially women．Doing exercises regularly is also helpful to reducing migraine headaches．
Title:

	● ． ● Not feel back to normal for hours or even days．
People suffering from it	Young adults and
_______		Hot weather→ every increase of five degrees Celsius: seven and one-half percent higher risk of migraine
→ decreases two to three days before the visit appeared to cause headaches
A separate study	and where a person has extra body fat→ overweight people between twenty and fifty-five have a higher risk
	● Lose weight in the stomach area． ●．

Stepfamilies are commonplace in the United States and their number continues to grow．While stepfamilies differ widely in their make-up， they all consist of a parenting couple and children， one or more of whom is of a previous union．Such combinations of his kids， her kids， and then， possibly， kids of the new union make for complicated and often trying difficulties， more challenging than those of traditional families．
Since stepfamilies involve more people and， consequently， more potential problems from the start than do childless new marriage， it is wise for the couple to do some careful planning prior to （＝before） marriage．Not only do the prospective（预期的） marital partners need agreement about their own carriers， life goals， finance and special interests， they must also prepare for new relationship with their children and attempt to accommodate their individual needs and feelings．Furthermore， there are often the rights of other relatives to consider．
As for any family， the basic ingredient（成分） of a successful stepfamily are affection， kindness and mutual（相互的） respect．However， love alone is not enough．Certainly love is the cornerstone upon which the foundation of any family is built， but there are also many other important ingredients involved in building a successful stepfamily．
Surveys reveal that successful families regard the ability to communicate openly as the most important factor in their success．Communication is what keeps families on track and functioning as a unit．Although healthy communication is easier for some people than for others， this skill can be learned and improved．Healthy communication involves speaking clearly and listening carefully．
By their very nature， stepfamilies often are complicated by past events that give rise to ambivalent（矛盾的） loyalties， lingering（持久的） hurts， fears，feelings of guilt and unrealistic dreams．The difficulties that arise within the stepfamilies are human and understandable．However， there are ways to confront（面临） and resolve them．For example， support groups and professional counselors（法律顾问） are available in most communities to provide help and guidance when communications stopped and problems seem overwhelming（压倒性的）．
Planning and building a stepfamily is not a responsibility to take lightly．It can be a very trying and， at times， seemingly impossible effort．Many potential troubles can arise and threaten to destroy the stepfamily．Nevertheless， meeting and mastering these special challenges can bring unexpected satisfactions and rewarding depths of family closeness and affection．
According to the passage， there are 　　　　 in the United States．

A．no stepfamilies

B．more stepfamilies than ever before

C．fewer stepfamilies than ever before

D．fewer stepfamilies than traditional ones

Which of the following can help avoid the potential problems arising in a stepfamily？

A．The pursuit of the same careers．

B．Professional interventions（干涉）．

C．The development of special interests．

D．Careful planning before the marriage．

Many people believe that 　　　　 contributes most to the building of a successful stepfamily．

A．everlasting loyalties

B．open communication

C．kindness and mutual respect

D．persistent（持久稳固的） affection

It is natural for a stepfamily to be 　　　　．

A．unrealistic

B．complicated

C．ambivalent

D．guilty

According to the author， planning and building a stepfamily is 　　　　．

A．impossible

B．satisfying and rewarding

C．discouraging and frustrating

D．a difficult and trying experience

Researchers found that people become happier and experience less worry after they reach the age of fifty．In fact, they say by the age of eighty-five, people are happier with their life than they were when they were eighteen years old．
The findings came from a survey of more than 340,000 adults in the United States．The Gallup（民意调查） Organization questioned them by telephone in 2008．At that time, the people were between the ages of eighteen and eighty-five．
The researchers asked questions about emotions like happiness, sadness and worry．They also asked about mental or emotional stress．
Arthur Stone at Stony Brook University in New York led the study．His team found that levels of stress were highest among adults between the ages of twenty-two and twenty-five．The findings showed that stress levels dropped sharply after people reached their fifties．Happiness was highest among the youngest adults and those in their early seventies．The people least likely to report feeling negative emotions were those in their seventies and eighties．
Researchers say they do not know why happiness increases as people get older．One theory is that, as people grow older, they grow more thankful for what they have and have better control of their emotions．They also spend less time thinking about bad experiences．
Professor Stone says the emotional patterns could be linked to changes in how people see the world, or maybe even changes in brain chemistry．
The researchers also considered possible influences like having young children, being unemployed or being single．But they found that influences like these did not affect the levels of happiness and well-being related to age．
The study also showed that men and women have similar emotional patterns as they grow older．However, women at all ages reported more sadness, stress and worry than men．
What can be the best title of the text?

A．Happiness Varies with Ages	B．Experience More, Worry Less
C．The Older, the Wiser	D．Being Young, Being Happy

We can learn from the research that _________．

A．only when people get older will they feel happier

B．stress levels among the youngest are the highest

C．older people tend to be grateful

D．older people usually have no worries

According to the research, when people get older, _________．

A．they miss the old days	B．they are physically weak
C．they have better self-control	D．they are more emotional

What would the author probably talk about next?

A．What influences happiness．	B．How to live better．
C．How to keep happier．	D．Why women are less happier．

The author is intended to _________．

A．advise how to reduce stress

B．introduce a scientific finding

C．describe how to do research

D．talk about human emotions

SHANGHAI - Health experts in Shanghai are calling for more protection for young children as the latest research shows about half of the youngsters are suffering from secondhand smoke．
About 45 percent of children suffer passive smoking in families, 50 percent in public places, and almost 6 percent on public transportation, shows a research released by the Shanghai Children's Medical Center on Tuesday．
"Not only adults but also children and newborn babies are at risk for the adverse effects of passive smoking," said Tang Jingyan, a doctor at the Shanghai Children's Medical Center．
"Actually, those young children whose bodies are still growing and developing are more sensitive to the effects of secondhand smoke．"
Research has shown that children who are exposed to secondhand smoke will suffer from more colds, coughs and sore throats, and they are more likely to suffer from bronchitis, pneumonia and will have a higher risk of developing cancer．
Doctors even suggested that children suffering passive smoking are more likely to have behavioral problems and may not develop mentally as quickly as their peers．
Other research by the Shanghai Children's Medical Center has found that more than 80 percent of child patients in the center live in a smoke-filled household, where one or both parents smoke．
"Though doctors have stressed the harm of passive smoking over and over, it is still hard to reach a totally 'smoke free' home," said a pediatrician named Zhang Yiwen, noting that parents are often tempted to smoke even though they have learned the harmful effects of secondhand smoke．
China has 540 million people suffering from passive smoke, 180 million of them younger than 15．The age of smokers is also getting lower, earlier reports said．
"There are more young smokers than before．You can see young people wearing a school uniform and carrying a schoolbag light a cigarette on the street．Some of them are even female students," said Jing Xingming, a professor of children's developmental behavior at the center．
"Children like to imitate adults, especially their parents．If parents often smoke at home, it is very likely children will develop a smoking habit, which can cause a vicious circle," Jin said．
Reports from the Ministry of Health said China has about 350 million smokers, of whom 15 million are underage smokers．Also, around 40 million of the country's 130 million children aged between 13 and 18 had tried smoking, and 15 million had become addicted to tobacco．
What is the main idea of the passage?

A．About half of the youngsters are suffering from secondhand smoke．

B．Experts are calling for more protection for youngsters from smoking．

C．More and more youngsters are picking up the habit of smoking．

D．Smoking does great harm to the health of the youngsters．

What kind of the youngsters most possibly develop a habit of smoking?

A．Children of non-smoking mothers．	B．Children of non-smoking fathers．
C．Children of heavy smokers．	D．Children from some smoking centers．

Which of the following disease may not be connected with secondhand smoking?

A．Cancer．	B．Behavioral problems．
C．Sore throats．	D．Coughs．

The underlined word “vicious” in the last paragraph but one most probably means ___________．

A．complete	B．simple
C．great	D．bad

What can be inferred from the passage?

A．About 80% of the children in the Shanghai Children's Medical Center smoke heavily．

B．About 45 percent of children suffer passive smoking in the Shanghai Children's Medical Center．

C．About 540 million people are heavy smokers in China．

D．Children aged between 13 to 18 are more likely addicted to smoking．

Today, almost everyone has heard of Harry Potter. The books detailing his experiences at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry have aroused passion, creativity, and interest in readingthroughout theworld.
But have you ever considered why you are a fan of theHarry Potterseries?
JK Rowling has created a list of characters and an environment for them to inhabit that appeals to both adults and children.
The fantasy aspect of the wizarding world expands the imagination, and takes the mind to new and exciting places. Anything could happen there. Her stories contain parts of the believable and unbelievable, changing the predictability that readers commonly come across and bear in fiction.
The main theme of the series, including good versus evil, prejudice, love, death, sacrifice, friendship and loyalty, in actuality contributes to the ever-lasting nature of the stories.At the same time, these themes remind us of classic literature, offering mature readers tales that wear like a comfortable pair of shoes, while introducing younger readers to concepts they will meet throughout their lives.
Much of the appeal also comes from the characters. In each book, JK Rowling introduces and describes the characters in such a way that we wonder not only about their futures, but also about their pasts.Even supporting characters are suddenly more than just extras in the background. And what of Harry Potter himself? We care about Harry, because we watch him grow from an innocent boy to a powerful wizard. We see him as both Hero and Victim. He experiences endless love and extreme pain, and as readers, we experience them with him.
This perfect combination of emotion, suspense and fantasy, together with the fact that JK Rowling is a superb storyteller is the reason why we are Harry potter fans. People are fond of Harry Potter series. With books like these, it’s hard not to be.
Harry Potter series become popular partly because ____________.

A．they remind us of the childhood and environment we had in the past

B．they take us to a world beyond our imagination and expectation

C．they offer us ever-lasting nature of the stories

D．they set an example of hero for us to follow

What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 6 mean?

A．The supporting characters are not necessary in the story.

B．Readers care only about Harry but not those supporting characters.

C．Even the supporting characters are attractive in the story.

D．Those supporting characters only appear all of a sudden.

The themes of the Harry Potter series do not contain ____________.

A．prejudice and love	B．good and evil
C．death and sacrifice	D．safety and peace

People care for Harry Potter because ____________.

A．they think of classic literature when reading the story

B．they find different experiences from theirs on Harry

C．they share the experiences with Harry

D．they like JK Rowling’s description very much