You have been badly injured in a car accident. It is necessary to give you a blood transfusion because you lost a great deal of blood in the accident. However, special care must be taken in selecting new blood for you. If the blood is too different from your own, the transfusion could kill you.
There are four basic types of blood; A, B, AB, and O. A simple test can make sure of a person's blood type. Everybody is born with one of these four types of blood. Blood type, like hair color and height, is received from parents.
The four groups must be transfused carefully. A and B cannot be mixed. A and B cannot receive AB, but AB may receive A or B. O can give to any other group; therefore, it is often called the universal donor (万能捐赠者). For the opposite reason, AB is sometimes called the universal recipient（接受者）. However, because so many reactions (反应) can happen in transfusions（输血）, patients usually receive only salt of plasma (liquid part of blood) until their blood can be matched as exactly as possible in the blood bank of a hospital. In this way, it is possible to prevent the transfusion from any bad reactions.
86. People with type A blood can receive type .
A. AB B. B C. O D. all of the three
87. If you need a blood transfusion, the best and safest blood for you is .
A. a mixture of type A and type B
B. a mixture of salt, plasma and type O
C. type AB
D. exactly the same type as your own
88. The phrase "universal recipient" means a person who .
A. can receive blood of type A or B
B. can receive blood of any other type
C. can give blood to anybody
D. cannot give blood to others
89. A good title for this article is .
A. Getting Enough Blood
B. Differences Between Blood Types
C. Man's Four Types of Blood
D. How to Give Blood Transfusion
90. Which of the following statement is NOT true?
A. Carelessness in a blood transfusion may lead to death.
B. AB is the mixture of A and B
C. AB is called the universal recipient because it can receive any other group.
D. In transfusions, patients usually receive only salt of plasma at first.
The Healthy Habits Survey(调查)shows that only about one third of American seniors have correct habits.Here are some findings and expert advice.
1．How many times did you brush your teeth yesterday?
●Finding：A full 33% of seniors brush their teeth only once a day.
●Step：Remove the 300 types of bacteria in your mouth each morning with a batteryoperated toothbrush.Brush gently for 2 minutes，at least twice a day.
2．How many times did you wash your hands or bathe yesterday?
●Finding：Seniors，on average，bathe fewer than 3 days a week.And nearly 30%wash their hands only 4 times a day－half of the number doctors recommend.
●Step：We touch our faces around 3,000 times a day－often inviting germs(病菌)to enter our mouth，nose，and eyes.Use toilet paper to avoid touching the door handle.And，most important，wash your hands often with hot running water and soap for 20 seconds.
3．How often do you think about fighting germs?
●Finding：Seniors are not fighting germs as well as they should.
●Step：Be aware of germs.Do you know it is not your toilet but your kitchen sponge(海绵)that can carry more germs than anything else？To kill these germs，keep your sponge in the microwave for 10 seconds.What is found out about American seniors?
| A．Most of them have good habits. |
| B．Nearly 30% of them bathe three days a week. |
| C．All of them are fighting germs better than expected. |
| D．About one third of them brush their teeth only once a day. |
Doctors suggest that people should wash their hands ________.
| A．twice a day |
| B．three times a day |
| C．four times a day |
| D．eight times a day |
Which of the following is true according to the text?
| A．We should keep from touching our faces. |
| B．There are less than 300 types of bacteria in the mouth. |
| C．A kitchen sponge can carry more germs than a toilet. |
| D．We should wash our hands before touching a door handle. |
The text probably comes from ________.
| A．a guide book |
| B．a popular magazine |
| C．a book review |
| D．an official document |
German study suggests that people who were too optimistic about their future actually faced greater risk of disability or death within 10 years than those pessimists who expected their future to be worse.
The paper，published this March in Psychology and Aging，examined health and welfare surveys from roughly 40,000 Germans between ages 18 and 96.The surveys were conducted every year from 1993 to 2003.
Survey respondents (受访者) were asked to estimate their present and future life satisfaction on a scale of 0 to 10，among other questions.
The researchers found that young adults (age 18 to 39) routinely overestimated their future life satisfaction，while middleaged adults (age 40 to 64) more accurately predicted how they would feel in the future.Adults of 65 and older，however，were far more likely to underestimate their future life satisfaction.Not only did they feel more satisfied than they thought they would，the older pessimists seemed to suffer a lower ratio (比率) of disability and death for the study period.
“We observed that being too optimistic in predicting a better future than actually observed was associated with a greater risk of disability and a greater risk of death within the following decade，”wrote Frieder R．Lang，a professor at the University of ErlangenNuremberg.
Lang and his colleagues believed that people who were pessimistic about their future may be more careful about their actions than people who expected a rosy future.
“Seeing a dark future may encourage positive evaluations of the actual self and may contribute to taking improved precautions (预防措施)，”the authors wrote.
Surprisingly，compared with those in poor health or who had low incomes，respondents who enjoyed good health or income were associated with expecting a greater decline.Also，the researchers said that higher income was related to a greater risk of disability.
The authors of the study noted that there were limitations to their conclusions.Illness，medical treatment and personal loss could also have driven health outcomes.
However，the researchers said a pattern was clear.“We found that from early to late adulthood，individuals adapt their expectations of future life satisfaction from optimistic，to accurate，to pessimistic，”the authors concluded.According to the study，who made the most accurate prediction of their future life satisfaction?
| A．Optimistic adults. |
| B．Middleaged adults. |
| C．Adults in poor health. |
| D．Adults of lower income. |
Pessimism may be positive in some way because it causes people________.
| A．to fully enjoy their present life |
| B．to estimate their contribution accurately |
| C．to take measures against potential risks |
| D．to value health more highly than wealth |
How do people of higher income see their future?
| A．They will earn less money. |
| B．They will become pessimistic. |
| C．They will suffer mental illness. |
| D．They will have less time to enjoy life. |
What is the clear conclusion of the study?
| A．Pessimism guarantees chances of survival. |
| B．Good financial condition leads to good health. |
| C．Medical treatment determines health outcomes. |
| D．Expectations of future life satisfaction decline with age. |
Some years ago，writing in my diary used to be a usual activity.I would return from school and spend the expected half hour recording the day’s events，feelings，and impressions in my little blue diary.I did not really need to express my emotions by way of words，but I gained a certain satisfaction from seeing my experiences forever recorded on paper.After all，isn’t accumulating memories a way of preserving the past?
When I was thirteen years old，I went on a long journey on foot in a great valley，wellequipped with pens，a diary，and a camera.During the trip，I was busy recording every incident，name and place I came across.I felt proud to be spending my time productively，dutifully preserving for future generations a detailed description of my travels.On my last night there，I wandered out of my tent，diary in hand.The sky was clear and lit by the glare of the moon，and the walls of the valley looked threatening behind their screen of shadows.I automatically took out my pen...
At that point，I understood that nothing I wrote could ever match or replace the few seconds I allowed myself to experience the dramatic beauty of the valley.All I remembered of the previous few days were the dull characterizations I had set down in my diary.
Now，I only write in my diary when I need to write down a special thought or feeling.I still love to record ideas and quotations that strike me in books，or observations that are particularly meaningful.I take pictures，but not very often－only of objects I find really beautiful.I’m no longer blindly satisfied with having something to remember when I grow old.I realize that life will simply pass me by if I stay behind the camera，busy preserving the present so as to live it in the future.
I don’t want to wake up one day and have nothing but a pile of pictures and notes.Maybe I won’t have as many exact representations of people and places；maybe I’ll forget certain facts，but at least the experiences will always remain inside me.I don’t live to make memories－I just live，and the memories form themselves.Before the age of thirteen，the author regarded keeping a diary as a way of________.
| A．observing her school routine |
| B．expressing her satisfaction |
| C．impressing her classmates |
| D．preserving her history |
What caused a change in the author’s understanding of keeping a diary?
| A．A dull night on the journey. |
| B．The beauty of the great valley. |
| C．A striking quotation from a book. |
| D．Her concerns for future generations. |
What does the author put in her diary now?
| A．Notes and beautiful pictures. |
| B．Special thoughts and feelings. |
| C．Detailed accounts of daily activities. |
| D．Descriptions of unforgettable events. |
The author comes to realize that to live a meaningful life is________.
| A．to experience it |
| B．to live the present in the future |
| C．to make memories |
| D．to give accurate representations of it |
Planning a visit to the UK? Here we help with ways to cut your costs.
AVOID BIG EVENTS Big sporting events，concerts and exhibitions can increase the cost of accommodation and make it harder to find a room.A standard double room at the Thistle Brighton on the final Friday of the Brighton Comedy Festival (19 Oct.) cost￡169.15 at Booking.com.A week later，the same room cost￡118.15.
If you can be flexible and want to know dates to avoid－or you’re looking for a big event to pass your time－check out sites such as Whatsonwhen.com，which allow you to search for events in the UK by city，date and category.
STAY AWAY FROM THE STATION If traveling to your destination by train，you may want to find a good base close to the station，but you could end up paying more for the sake of convenience at the start of your holiday.
Don’t be too choosy about the part of town you stay in.Booking two months in advance，the cheapest room at Travelodge’s Central Euston hotel in London for Saturday 22 September was￡95.95.A room just a tube journey away at its Covent Garden hotel was￡75.75.And at Farringdon，a double room cost just￡62.95.
LOOK AFTER YOURSELF Really central hotels in cities such as London，Edinburgh and Cardiff can cost a fortune，especially at weekends and during big events.As an alternative consider checking into a selfcatering flat with its own kitchen.Often these flats are hidden away on the top floors of city centre buildings.A great example is the historic O’Neill Flat on Edinburgh’s Royal Mile，available for￡420 for five days in late September，with room for four adults.
GET ON A BIKE London’s ‘Boris bikes’ have attracted the most attention，but other cities also have similar programmes that let you rent a bicycle and explore at your own pace，saving you on public transport or car parking costs.
Among the smaller cities with their own programmes are Newcastle (casual members pay around￡1.50 for two hours) and Cardiff (free for up to 30 minutes，or￡5 per day)．The Brighton Comedy Festival is mentioned mainly to show big events may________.
| A．help travelers pass time |
| B．attract lots of travelers to the UK |
| C．allow travelers to make flexible plans |
| D．cause travelers to pay more for accommodation |
“Farringdon”in Paragraph 5 is most probably________.
| A．a hotel away from the train station |
| B．the tube line to Covent Garden |
| C．an ideal holiday destination |
| D．the name of a travel agency |
The passage shows that the O’Neill Flat________.
| A．lies on the ground floor |
| B．is located in central London |
| C．provides cooking facilities for tourists |
| D．costs over￡100 on average per day in late September |
Cardiff’s program allows a free bike for a maximum period of________.
| A．half an hour |
| B．one hour |
| C．one hour and a half |
| D．two hours |
The main purpose of the passage is________.
| A．to tell visitors how to book in advance |
| B．to supply visitors with hotel information |
| C．to show visitors the importance of selfhelp |
| D．to offer visitors some moneysaving tips |
China is a land of bicycles.At least it was back in 1992 when I traveled the country.Back then everyone seemed to be riding a bicycle.Millions of them，all black.Cars were rare.Yet since my arrival in Beijing last year，I’ve found the opposite is true.There are millions of cars.However，people still use their bicycles to get around.For many，it’s the easiest and cheapest way to travel today.Bicycles also come in different colors－silver，green，red，blue，yellow，whatever you want.
It’s fun watching people biking.They rush quickly through crossroads，move skillfully through traffic，and ride even on sidewalks(人行道)．Bicycles allow people the freedom to move about that cars just can’t provide.
Eager to be part of this aspect of Chinese culture，I decided to buy a bicycle.Great weather accompanied my great buy.I immediately jumped up on my bicycle seat and started home.
My first ride home was orderly (守秩序的)．To be safe，I stayed with a“pack”of bikers while cars on the streets came running swiftly out of nowhere at times.I didn’t want to get hit.So I took the ride carefully.
Crossing the streets was the biggest problem.It was a lot like crossing a major highway back in the United States.The streets here were wide，so crossing took time，skill and a little bit of luck.
I finally made it home.The feeling on the bicycle was amazing.The air hitting my face and going through my hair was wonderful.I was sitting on top of the world as I passed by places and people.Biking made me feel alive.According to the author，why are bicycles still popular in China today?
| A．Because they are traditional and safe. |
| B．Because they are convenient and inexpensive. |
| C．Because they are colorful and available. |
| D．Because they are fast and environment friendly. |
The author decided to buy a bicycle because he intended ________.
| A．to ride it for fun |
| B．to use it for transport |
| C．to experience local culture |
| D．to improve his riding skills |
How did the author feel about his street crossing?
| A．It was boring. | B．It was difficult. |
| C．It was lively. | D．It was wonderful. |
Which of the following best describes the author’s biking experience?
| A．The author enjoyed showing off his biking skills. |
| B．The author was annoyed by the air while riding. |
| C．The author was praised by the other bikers. |
| D．The author took great pleasure in biking. |