Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large. The same problem, on a small scale, faces practically every company trying to develop new products and create new jobs. There can be little prospect of raising the sort of sums needed from friends and people we know, and while banks may agree to provide short-term finance, they are generally unwilling to provide money on the permanent basis for long-term projects. So companies turn to the public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business through the Stock Exchange. By doing so, they can put the saving of individuals and institutions into circulation both at home and overseas.
When the saver needs his money back, he does not have to go to the company with whom he originally placed it. Instead, he sells his shares through a stockbroker（股票经纪人） to some other saver who is seeking to invest his money.
Many of the services needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by the government or by local authorities. Without hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, railways, this country could not function. All these require continuous spending on new equipment and new development if they are to serve us properly, requiring more money than is raised through taxes alone. The government, local authorities, and nationalized industries therefore frequently need to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and they, too, come to the Stock Exchange.
There is hardly a man or woman in this country whose standard of living does not depend on the ability of his or her employers to raise money to finance new development. In one way or another, the new money must come from the savings of the country. The Stock Exchange exists to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance.
51. Almost all companies involved in new production and development most        .
A. rely on their own resources
B. persuade the banks to provide long-term finance
C. borrow large sums of money from friends and people they know
D. depend on the population as a whole for finance
52. The money which enables these companies to go ahead with their projects is        .
A. repaid to its original owners as soon as possible
B. raised by selling of shares in the companies
C. exchanged for the ownership in the Stock Exchange
D. invested in different companies in the Stock Exchange
53. When the savers want their money back they should          .
A. ask another company to obtain their money for them
B. look for other people to borrow money from
C. put their shares in the company back on the market
D. transfer their money to a more successful company
54. All the essential services on which we depend are         .
A. run by the government or our local authorities
B. in constant need of financial support
C. financed wholly by raising taxes
D. unable to provide for the needs of the population
55. The Stock Exchange makes it possible for the government, local authorities and nationalized industries         .
A.    to borrow as much money as they wish
B.    to make certain everybody saves money
C.    to raise money to finance new development
D.    to make certain everybody lends money to them.

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