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Below is some advice on how to prevent colds and flu.

8 Ways to Avoid Colds and Flu
1. Wash your hands and wash them often
The US Naval Health Research Center conducted a study of 40,000 volunteers who were ordered to wash their hands five times a day. The volunteers cut their incidence of flu by 45 percent.
2. Wash your hands twice every time you wash them
Researchers at Columbia University found one hand washing had little effect, even when using antibacterial soap. So wash twice if you’re serious about preventing colds.
3. Change your toothbrush every three months
You think your toothbrush gets your teeth clean — and it does. But once you’ve finished brushing, it can be a breeding ground for germs. Most dentists recommend you change your brush every two or three months. It’s also a good idea to replace it after you’ve had a cold or flu.
4. Sneeze and cough into your arm or tissue (纸巾)
Whoever taught us to cover our mouths when we cough or sneeze got it wrong. That just puts the germs right on our hands, where you can spread them to objects — and other people. Instead, put your arm over your mouth and nose when you sneeze or cough if a tissue isn’t handy. It’s pretty rare that you shake someone’s arm, after all.
5. Stop blaming yourself when things go wrong
Believe it or not, blaming yourself makes you more likely to catch a cold! Researchers found that even those who had control over their work were more likely to begin sneezing if they lacked confidence or tended to blame themselves when things went wrong. Such attitudes make people more stressed on the job, and stress, as you know, can challenge your immune system.
6. Once a day, sit in a quiet, dim room, close your eyes, and focus on one word
Meditate (冥想). It is a proven way to reduce stress. Studies have shown that stress weakens your immune system. In fact, people with high stress levels have up to twice the number of colds as non-stressed people.
7. Get moving
Ride a bike, join a dance class, or go for a walk. A study found that older women who did 45 minutes of gentle exercise, five times a week for a year, were up to three times less likely to get a cold than women who took little exercise. The researchers found that the exercisers’ immune system was strongest in the last three months of the study.
8. Leave the windows in your house open a crack
You don’t have to keep all of them open, but one or two in the rooms in which you spend the most time. This is particularly important if you live in a newer home, where fresh circulating air has been the victim of energy efficiency. A bit of fresh air will do wonders for chasing out germs.

 
To prevent yourself from getting colds, you should wash your hands____.

A.twice every hour B.twice every time
C.five times every hour D.five times every time

When you cough or sneeze, you should ____.

A.put your hands over your mouth
B.avoid shaking hands with other people
C.cover your mouth with your arm or a tissue
D.keep away from other people

Your immune system will be weakened if ____.

A.your stress level is high
B.your room is not bright
C.you have control over your work
D.you do not exercise for 45 minutes every day

If you live in a new house, it is particularly important to ____.

A.leave all the windows open a crack
B.leave only one or two windows open to save energy
C.keep one or two windows open in the rooms where you spend the most time
D.keep all the doors and windows open to let in more fresh air when you are at home
科目 英语   题型 阅读理解   难度 中等
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What will people die of 100 years from now? If you think that is a simple question, you have not been paying attention to the revolution that is taking place in bio-technology(生物技术). With the help of new medicine, the human body will last a very long time. Death will come mainly from accidents, murder and war. Today's leading killers, such as heart diseases, cancer, and aging itself, will become distant memory.
In discussion of technological changes, the Internet gets most of the attention these days. But the change in medicine can be the real technological event of our times. How long can humans live? Human brains were known to decide the final death. Cells(细胞) are the basic units of all living things, and until recently, scientists were sure that the life of cells could not go much beyond 120 years because the basic materials of cells, such as those of brain cells, would not last forever. But the upper limits will be broken by new medicine. Sometime between 2050 and 2100, medicine will have advanced to the point at which every 10 years or so, people will be able to take medicine to repair their organs(器官). The medicine, made up of the basic building materials of life, will build new brain cells, heart cells, and so on---in much the same way our bodies make new skin cells to take the place of old ones.
It is exciting to imagine that the advance in technology may be changing the most basic conditional human existence, but many technical problems still must be cleared up on the way to this wonderful future.
According to the passage, human death is now mainly caused by _______.

A.diseases and aging B.accidents and war
C.accidents and aging D.heart diseases and war

In the author's opinion, today's most important advance in technology lies in _____.

A.medicine B.the internet C.brain cells D.human organs

Humans may live longer in the future because ______.

A.heart disease will be far away from us
B.human brains can decide the final death
C.the basic materials of cells will last forever
D.human organs can be repaired by new medicine

We can learn from the passage that _____.

A.human life will not last more than 120 years in the future
B.human have to take medicine to build new skin cells now
C.much needs to be done before humans can have a longer life
D.we have already solved the technical problems in building new cells.

A morning rarely began so perfect. I took in the fresh air and felt my heart run into an enthusiastic rhythm. Though cool, the sun warmed my back as it rose over the horse from not far from my house. The slightest wind danced on my skin. Just enough to keep a runner form overheating. My ever-faithful jogging partner, a black dog named Nika pulled my leg with her mouth, mirroring my eagerness to start our run.
We raced forward with determination, ready to leap tall buildings and race against speeding trains. We pushed harder and ran faster, demonstration our skill and impressing passing motorists and neighbors.
We kept on running until we hit the Beast, a name for a very difficult, nearly two-mile long steep climb.
Only a few paces into the Beast, I gasped for air. Far short of superhero status, my enthusiasm and active steps were lost somewhere at the base of the hill. A vision of the newspaper and a cup of coffee waiting in my kitchen appeared, attracting me to turn back toward home.
With a glance I noticed Nika wasn’t doing any better. She continued to faithfully follow me, putting one paw in front of the other, but without her former eagerness. Her tiredness touched me. And in that moment, I felt a sudden spark of renewed determination to press on. I couldn’t allow this mountain to get the better of us. To improve both our spirits, I managed to shout, “Good girl, Nika! Keep going…you can do it!”
“I’m encouraging a dog, for heaven’s sake!’’ I needed to pull myself together. With a few simple words, I changed our course. One moment we were on the edge of quitting. The next, our feet picked up the pace and we continued. Though tired and discouraged myself, with a few kind words I impacted a dog’s ability to go further. I’m sure I could have completed the opposite with ill-chosen comments and an unpleasant tone. Instead, the Beast was defeated and we flew like heroes the rest of the way home.
Life is full of beasts to conquer. For some, it is the seemingly impossible climb of cancer. For others, their beast takes the shape of parenting a child or a teenager. Uphill climbs come in all shapes and sizes, common only in their ability to defeat, discourage and tempt tired travelers to quit. Sometimes all that’s needed is a few spoken, well-timed words of encouragement from a fellow runner – someone who sees the struggle, dares to jogs alongside, and cares enough to say, “Keep going! You can do it! You’re not alone. I believe in you!”
The writer starts the text by describing________.

A.the beautiful scene of the morning
B.his or her preparations for a jogging
C.a lively dog named Nika
D.the growth of crops at the farm

The writer mentioned the newspaper and coffee to suggest that he or she _______.

A.liked reading newspapers while drinking coffee
B.had an intention to give up running
C.would treat himself or herself to coffee after running
D.might appear on the newspaper for the long running

The writer decided to continue running _______.

A.after he or she found the dog was still energetic
B.because they came near the top of the hill
C.when he or she noticed the tired dog
D.before they arrived at the bottom of the hill

What does the writer expect to show by telling the story?

A.Words are powerful than deeds.
B.Beasts in life aren’t easily to conquer.
C.Dogs are the best friend of humans.
D.Try it one more time before giving up.

For an owl (猫头鹰) with one-metre wingspan, the sky should be the limit. But Troy prefers his bird’s eye view to be no higher than 5 feet 10 inches. The one-year-old owl has an inconvenient symptom: he’s afraid of heights. After an unfortunate start in life when he fell from his nest by accident, Troy was raised by Gareth Tonen, a handler (饲养员), who just happens to be 5 feet 10 inches tall.
As a result, Troy has grown up without any great ambitions of his own. When it comes to trees, he can’t see what is about and would prefer to fly along at Mr. Tonen’s side. Only when the 25-year-old handler climbs up a tree can Troy be tempted to leave his comfort zone and join him.
Ashley Smith said, “ Troy’s fear of heights was a result of forgetting how to be a bird. He’s been in captivity (被圈养) for as long as he can remember and has never been higher than his handler can lift him. He sees himself as more of a human than an owl, and he doesn’t know how to sit in trees or hunt. Gareth has to almost act like an owl to get Troy to behave like one.”
As a result, a daily tree climb has become part of Troy’s – and Mr. Tonen’s – routine. Ladders have been fixed so Mr. Tonen can climb into the trees and call for Troy, who will fly up and join his handler but go no higher. Most of the time he flies down again, but occasionally Mr. Tonen has to carry him back to ground level. The afternoon ends with a meal of mouse, rabbit or his favorite, chicken.
Mr. Tonen said, “He now looks upon me as his mum or dad. He’s gaining more confidence and if I have to carry on climbing up trees with him then we’ll do what it takes for him to be a high flyer.
Troy was brought up by Gareth Tonen because he ______.

A.couldn’t fly high B.got badly hurt
C.left his parents accidentally D.couldn’t live in trees

What can you learn from the second paragraph?

A.Troy doesn’t show any interest in flying high up in the sky.
B.Gareth Tonen has spoiled Troy by offering him everything.
C.Gareth Tonen is pleased to see Troy fly along at his side.
D.Troy would like his owner Gareth Tonen to climb up trees.

According to Ashley Smith, Troy doesn’t know he is a bird because ______.

A.he has developed the symptom of fearing heights.
B.he has been raised since he was very small.
C.he can’t learn how to fly higher than his owner.
D.he doesn’t want to fly among trees hunting for food.

Why does Gareth Tonen have to climb up trees every day?

A.To set an example of flying high to Troy.
B.To see how high Troy can really fly.
C.To teach Troy how to get meals in high trees.
D.To get Troy back down to cure his fear of heights.

The Great Fire of London started in the very early hours of 2 September 1666. In four days it destroyed more than three-quarters of the old city, where most of the houses were wooden and close together. One hundred thousand people became homeless, but only a few lost their lives.
The fire started on Sunday morning in the house of the King's baker(面包师) in Pudding Lane. The baker, with his wife andfamily, was able to get out through a window in the roof. A strong wind blew the fire from the bakery (面包房) into a small hotel next door. Then it spread quickly into Thames Street. That was the beginning.
By eight o'clock three hundred houses were on fire. On Monday nearly a kilometer of the city was burning along the River Thames. Tuesday was the worst day. The fire destroyed many well-known buildings, old St Paul's and the Guildhall along them.
Samuel Peyps, the famous writer, wrote about the fire. People threw their things into the river. Many poor people stayed in their houses until the last moment. Birds fell out of the air because of the heat.
The fire stopped only when the King finally ordered people to destroy hundreds of buildings in the path of the fire. With nothing left to burn, the fire became weak and finally died out.
After the fire, Christopher Wren, the architect (建筑师), wanted a city with wider streets and fine new houses of stone, In fact, the streets are still narrow, but he did build more than fifty churches, among them the new St Paul's.
The fire caused great pain and loss, but after it London was a better place: a city for the future and not just of the past.
It seems that the writer of the text was most sorry for the fact that______.

A.some people lost their lives
B.the birds in the sky were killed by the fire
C.many famous buildings were destroyed
D.the King's bakery was burned down

Why did the writer cite (引用) Samuel Pepys?

A.Because Pepys was among those putting out the fire.
B.Because Pepys also wrote about the fire.
C.To show that poor people suffered most.
D.To give the reader a clearer picture of the fire.

How was the fire put out according to the text?

A.The King and his soldiers came to help.
B.All the wooden houses in the city were destroyed.
C.People managed to get enough water from the river.
D.Houses standing in the direction of the fire were pulled down.

Which of the following were reasons for the rapid spread of the big fire?______.
(a) There was a strong wind. (b) The streets were very narrow.
(c) Many houses were made of wood. (d) There was not enough water in the city.
(e) people did not discover the fire earlier.
A. (a), (b)B. (a), (b), (C)C. (a), (b), (d) D. (b), (c) (e)

Volunteers, as an essential part of a successful world exposition, are a major channel for the public to join in, serve and share the world exposition and a means to show the image of the host country and city. The following information is about the volunteer for the World Exposition 2010 Shanghai China.
I.Basic Requirements for Volunteers
● Be willing to join in voluntary services of Expo 2010;
● Age limit: Expo Site volunteers must be born before April 30, 1992 and Expo City Voluntary
Service Station volunteers before April 30, 1994;
● Obey the laws and regulations of the PRC;
● Be able to participate in training and relevant activities before the opening of Expo 2010;
● Have necessary knowledge and skills needed by the position;
● Be in good health to meet the requirements of voluntary positions.
II.Further Information for Volunteers
● Source
Residents of Chinese mainland, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, as well as overseas Chinese, and foreigners can all apply to be the volunteers.
● Signup methods
Applicants may log in onto the official websites for online signup.They may also consult or connect with the Expo Volunteer Stations.
● Time
May 1 - December 31, 2009
III.Volunteer Training
Volunteer training includes general training, special training and position training.General training is carried out through internet, while special training and position training are provided through classroom lectures and field practice.
IV.Volunteer Types
● Expo Site volunteers refer to those offering voluntary services to visitors and the Organizer in the Expo Site, mainly including information, visitor flow management, reception, translation and interpretation, assistance for the disabled, and assistance in media service, event and conference organization and volunteer management.
● Information booth volunteers are stationed in the Expo's information booths at key transportation centers, commercial outlets, tourist attractions, restaurants, hotels and cultural event places outside the Expo Site.They offer services including information, translation, interpretation and even first aid.
If you were born in April 1993, where can you be a volunteer

A.In the Expo City. B.In the host country.
C.In the Expo Site. D.In Chinese mainland

Which of the training will be done on the Internet

A.Position training. B.General training.
C.Classroom training. D.Special training.

Which of the following service is offered by information booth volunteers?

A.Visitor flow management. B.Helping the disabled
C.Assistance in media service. D.Emergency First aid.

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