Animals are more like us than we ever imagined．They feel pain, they experience stress, they show affection, excitement and love．All these findings have been made by scientists in recent years---and such results are beginning to change how we view animals.
Strangely enough, some of this research was sponsored by fast food companies like McDonald’s and KFC．Pressured by animal rights groups , these companies felt they had to fund scientists researching the emotional and mental states of animals.
McDonald’s, for instance, funded studies on pig behavior at Purdue University, Indiana．This research found that pigs seek affection and easily become depressed if left alone or prevented from playing with each other．If they become depressed, they soon become physically ill．Because of this, and other similar studies, the European Union has banned the use of isolating pig stalls from 2010．In Germany, the government is encouraging pig farmers to give each pig 20 seconds of human contact a day, and to provide them with toys to prevent them from fighting
Other scientists have shown that animals think and behave like humans．Koko, the 300-pound gorilla at the Gorilla Foundation in Northern California, for instance, has been taught sign language．Koko can now understand several thousand English words, more than many humans who speak English as a second language．On human IQ tests, she scores between 70 and 95.
Before such experiments, humans thought language skills were absent from the animal kingdom．Other myths are also being overturned, like the belief that animals lack self-awareness．Studies have also shown that animals mourn their dead, and that they play for pleasure.
These striking similarities between animal and human behavior have led some to ask a question: “If you believe in evolution, how can’t you believe that animals have feelings that human beings have?”
Until recently, scientists believed that animals behaved by instinct and that what appeared to be learned behavior was merely genetically-programmed activity．But as Koko the Gorilla shows, this is not the case．In fact, learning is passed from parent to offspring far more often than not in the animal kingdom.
So what implications does this knowledge have for humans? Because of this, should we ban hunting and animal testing? Should we close zoos? Such questions are being raised by many academics and politicians．Harvard and 25 other American law schools have introduced courses on animal rights．Germany meanwhile, recently guaranteed animal rights in its constitution---the first country to do so.McDonald’s and KFC give money to support scientist to do research on animals, because_____
| A．they are international big companies. |
| B．they love animals. |
| C．they are pressured by animal right groups. |
| D．they earn a large amount of money and want to do some good deeds. |
The research on pigs at Purdue University shows that______
| A．pigs love being alone. |
| B．pigs easily become physically ill. |
| C．pigs need affection. |
| D．pigs don’t like to play with each other. |
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
| A．Animals behave by instinct. |
| B．Animals have self-awareness. |
| C．Animals have feelings and love. |
| D．Animals do not have language skills. |
Should we ban hunting and animal testing?
| A．Yes. |
| B．No |
| C．Not certain |
| D．Not mentioned |
When you were looking for a reliable，honest auto mechanic（机修工），how did you find him？Before you went into that restaurant you recently tried，how did you know that it served great food？If you are like most people on the planet，you want to lower your risk of a big ugly surprise so you asked people you trust to refer to a business they trust. Marketers（营销人员）call this friendtofriend recognition of a business “wordofmouth”（口碑）advertising.
When you do a great job for your customer or a bad job，people are going to talk about your business. Unfortunately，because we humans seem to feel negative emotions more intensively（强烈地） than positive ones，we're more likely to tell more of our friends about bad experiences with a business than positive ones. Understand this：Customers believe their own experience. You can't make them believe that your company is wonderful when they felt they were treated badly.
So，to get positive wordofmouth going for your business in this servicebased economy，you've got to do a really outstanding job for everyone，exactly.
And when you do，you build a great reputation (名声). That takes time. But it forms a close link with your customers in a way that no advertising and no promotional（促销的）coupon(优惠券) ever could.
The good news is that because there are so many different businesses chasing after（追赶）your customers' money，people want to know whom they can trust. So people are going to be talking about you create a free sales force for your business—— an army of delighted customers who tell everyone that they know how good your company is to do business with. That's a great antidote (解药) to nonconfidence.According to the passage，whether we go to a place or not depends on ________.
| A．business fames | B．associates' recommendation |
| C．particular recognition | D．media assistance |
The underlined word “refer to”in the first paragraph probably means ________.
| A．说明 | B．提及 | C．提供参考 | D．适用于 |
The passage says that customers won’t believe the services are good until__________.
| A．they get some promotional coupons |
| B．the business chase after their money |
| C．they themselves are treated well |
| D．they see the advertisement is good enough |
The underlined word “nonconfidence”in the last paragraph probably means ________.
| A．service imperfection | B．service advertisement |
| C．customers' protection | D．customers' distrust |
What is the main topic of this passage?
| A．A company can rely on its associates to survive. |
| B．A person should rely on his friends for business. |
| C．Advertising can make customers believe it's wonderful. |
| D．A good name will bring you money. |
Besides entertainment and beautiful lanterns, another important part of the Lantern Festival, or Yuanxiao Festival is eating small dumpling balls made of glutinous (粘性的) rice flour (粉状物). We call these balls Yuanxiao or Tangyuan. Obviously, they get the name from the festival itself. It is said that the custom of eating Yuanxiao originated during the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the fourth century, then became popular during the Tang and Song periods.
The fillings (馅料) inside the dumplings or Yuanxiao are either sweet or salty. Sweet fillings are made of sugar, walnuts (核桃), sesame（芝麻）, osmanthus flowers (桂花), rose petals（花瓣）. A single ingredient (原料) or any combination can be used as the filling. The salty variety is filled with minced meat (肉末儿), vegetables or a mixture.
The way to make Yuanxiao also varies between northern and southern China. The usual method followed in southern provinces is to shape the dough (生面团) of rice flour into balls, make a hole, insert the filling, then close the hole and smooth out the dumpling by rolling it between your hands. In North China, sweet or nutmeat stuffing is the usual ingredient. The fillings are pressed into hardened cores, dipped lightly in water and rolled in a flat basket containing dry glutinous rice flour. A layer of the flour sticks to the filling, which is then again dipped in water and rolled a second time in the rice flour. And so it goes, like rolling a snowball, until the dumpling is the desired size.
The custom of eating Yuanxiao dumplings remains. This tradition encourages both old and new stores to promote their Yuanxiao products. They all try their best to improve the taste and quality of the dumplings to attract more customers.Which of the following is NOT true?
| A．Sweet Yuanxiao are usually made in southern China. |
| B．Sugar, rose petals and minced meat are all fillings of Yuanxiao. |
| C．The custom of eating Yuanxiao dates back to the fourth century. |
| D．People in northern China usually make Yuanxiao by rolling like a snowball. |
The way of making Yuanxiao varies between _________ China.
| A．southwestern and northwestern |
| B．eastern and western |
| C．southeastern and northeastern |
| D．northern and southern |
Choose the right order of making Tangyuan in southern provinces.
① make a hole and insert the filling
② roll the dough between your hands
③ shape the dough of rice flour into balls
④ close the hole
⑤ prepare some rice flour
| A．⑤③②①④ | B．⑤③①④② |
| C．③①④②⑤ | D．③⑤①②④ |
What is the best title of this passage?
| A．The Lantern Festival |
| B．The ingredients of Yuanxiao |
| C．China’s traditional food—Yuanxiao. |
| D．The difference between Yuanxiao and Tangyuan. |
Why do we eat Yuanxiao today?
| A．Because it’s a tasty food. |
| B．Because it’s a tradition. |
| C．Because we love our country. |
| D．Because it’s promoted by both old and new stores. |
Every day, 340 million people speak it. One billion people are learning it and it is said that by 2050, half of the world’s population will be using it. What are we talking about? That is the global language—English.
The English language started in Britain in the 5th century. It is a mixed language. It was built up when German. Scandinavian and French invaders settled in England and created a common language for communication.
Today it is the official language of the UK, the USA, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, South Africa and Ireland as well as many islands in the Caribbean. Many other countries and regions use it for politics and business, for example, India. Pakistan, Nigeria and the Philippines. English is also one of the official languages of Hong Kong.
But global advertising and pop music mean that in most countries, you will see or hear some English. Thanks to McDonalds, we all know about “burgers”. “fries” and “milkshakes”. Songs by Madonna, Britney Spears and Celine Dion are in English. We can sing along, even if we do not understand what we are singing!
English is a messy (杂乱的) language. Every year, dictionaries include new words that talk about popular culture, for example, computer-related words such as "blogging", "download" and "chartroom". Also included are words that teenagers use. Who does not know “cool”, “OK” and “hello”? Other languages also influence English. Many English words come from French. Words like “café” and expressions like “c'est la vie” (that is life) are all part of the English language. On the other hand, the French language includes English words like "le weekend" and "le camping". German words are also part of English. Words like "kindergarten" come from the German language.
Recently, British people have become interested in “yoga”. But the word comes from an ancient Hindu language in India.The English language has a history of ______.
| A．over 2000 years | B．over 1500 years |
| C．over 500 years | D．over 1000 years |
The underlined expression “thanks to” can be replaced by ______.
| A．as usual | B．in order to |
| C．because of | D．as if. |
Which of the following statements is true about the language of English?
| A．It has borrowed words from all the other languages. |
| B．It has been changing all the time. |
| C．French words are used by the English because dictionaries have French words. |
| D．Singers and film stars have the greatest influence on language. |
How many people in the world are using English now?
| A．One billion people. |
| B．not mentioned above, but the number is growing rapidly. |
| C．almost all the people in the world. |
| D．340 million. |
Many countries and regions use it for politics and business except______.
| A．Norway | B．Nigeria |
| C．the Philippines | D．the USA |
We discuss the issue of when to help a patient die. Doctors of our generation are not newcomers to this question. Going back to my internship(实习)days, I can remember many patients in pain, sometimes in coma(昏迷), with late, hopeless cancer. For many of them, we wrote an order for heavy medication—morphine(吗啡)by the clock. This was not talked about openly and little was written about it. It was essential, not controversial.
The best way to bring the problem into focus is to describe two patients whom I cared for. The first, formerly a nurse, had an automobile accident. A few days later her lungs seemed to fill up; her heart developed dangerous rhythm disturbances. So there she was: in coma, on a breathing machine, her heartbeat maintained with an electrical device. One day after rounds, my secretary said the husband and son of the patient wanted to see me. They told me their wife and mother was obviously going to die; she was a nurse and had told her family that she never wanted this kind of terrible death, being maintained by machines. I told them that while I respected their view, there was nothing deadly about her situation. The kidney(肾) failure she had was just the kind for which the artificial kidney was most effective. While possibly a bit reassured, they were disappointed. Here was the head surgeon seemingly determined to keep everybody alive, no matter what.
Within a few days the patient's pacemaker(起搏器) could be removed and she awoke from her coma. About six months later, the door of my office opened and in walked a gloriously fit woman. After some cheery words of appreciation, the father and son asked to speak to me alone. As soon as the door closed, both men became quite tearful. All that came out was, “We want you to know how wrong we were.”
The second patient was an 85-year-old lady whose hair caught fire while she was smoking. She arrived with a deep burn; I knew it would surely be deadly. As a remarkable coincidence there was a meeting for discussion going on at the time in medical ethics(道德). The speaker asked me if I had any sort of ethical problem I could bring up for discussion. I described the case and asked the students their opinion. After the discussion, I made a remark that was, when looking back, a serious mistake. I said, "I'll take the word back to the nurses about her and we will talk about it some more before we decide." The instructor and the students were shocked: "You mean this is a real patient?" The teacher of ethics was not accustomed to being challenged by actuality. In any event, I went back and met with the nurses. A day or two later, when she was making no progress and was suffering terribly, we began to back off treatment. Soon she died quietly and not in pain. As a reasonable physician, you had better move ahead and do what you would want done for you. And don't discuss it with the world first. There is a lesson here for everybody. Assisting people to leave this life requires strong judgment and long experience to avoid its misuse.The first patient’s husband and son wanted the doctor_____.
| A．to save her life |
| B．to end her life |
| C．use an artificial kidney |
| D．to maintain her life with machines |
In the early days when a patient had got a deadly, hopeless illness, _______.
| A．doctors would inject more morphine into the patient to end his life |
| B．doctors would turn him away and ask him to go back home and wait for death |
| C．doctors would write a new order for their medical treatment to ease their pain |
| D．doctors would discuss their treatment plan with the patient and write down the solution |
At the meeting, the author discussed with the students_____.
| A．the importance of mercy killing |
| B．the relationship between mercy killing and ethics |
| C．the case about an old lady |
| D．the process to practice mercy killing |
The author suggested that doctors_____ before they assist a patient in killing himself.
| A．do what they are wanted to do |
| B．discuss with the others about the decision first |
| C．be required to do so first by the patient |
| D．make sure there is no other choice left |
Through the two patients mentioned in the text, the author thinks that on the issue of helping a patient die, doctors need to be _________.
| A．cruel and cautious |
| B．experienced and thoughtful |
| C．pessimistic and determined |
| D．considerate and optimistic |
At no time in history has there been such a mass(大规模的) movement of people from the countryside to the city as is happening now. By the year 2030, it’s estimated（估计） that more than two thirds of the world’s population will be living in cities, twice as many as today. This means that the problems faced by cities today—overcrowding, poor housing, unemployment, poverty(贫穷) and lack of food and water—will be twice as bad, unless we find solutions soon.
Another serious issue is how to provide good transportation for their citizens. Many of the world’s major cities are already struggling with out-of-date transport infrastructures(基本设施). How can they deal with the additional demands?
London is a good example. Its enlargement was made possible by the invention of the steam engine, which powered the world’s first underground railway. But its transport system are now hopelessly out-of-date and need urgent modernization. London’s future success depends very much on developing better public transport.
Over a million people travel into central London every day from outside the city. They, together with the people who live in London, want a public transport system that is efficient, safe and environmentally friendly. What they often get, however, falls far short of that ideal. Passengers complain about cost and pollution, while businesses worry about the problems their staff have in getting to work on time. Yes, the proportion of London households that own a car grew from just over ten percent in the early 1950s to over sixty percent today.
As the city has become increasingly crowded and polluted, there has been a growing realization that action must be taken soon.The passage is mainly written to tell us that ________.
| A．it’s difficult to solve the problem faced by cities today |
| B．overpopulation causes the problems in cities like London |
| C．possible solutions to cities’ transport problems will be found soon |
| D．public transport plays an important role in developments in major cities |
The underlined word “they” in fourth paragraph refers to _______.
| A．the citizens in the city of London |
| B．those who come to London from other places |
| C．passengers who make complaints about the cost |
| D．businesses who are anxious about their staff getting to work late |
From the passage we know that the mass movement to the city will cause the following problems EXCEPT_____________.
| A．poverty | B．unemployment |
| C．better environment | D．poor transportation |
The underlined words “environmentally friendly” is closest in meaning to ________.
| A．pleasant and nonpolluting | B．cheap and punctual |
| C．quick and straight | D．fair and convenient |
We can infer that in the following paragraph the writer would most probably deal with ______.
| A．traffic jams in London streets |
| B．London’s future in train and air travel |
| C．possible solutions to London’s traffic problems |
| D．the improvement of the citizen’s living conditions |