Air pollution is damaging 60% of Europe's prime wildlife sites in meadows, forests and bushes, according to a new report.
A team of EU scientists said nitrogen emissions(氮排放) from cars, factories and farming were threatening biodiversity. It's the second report this week warning of the ongoing riks and threats linked to nitrogen pollution.[
Nitrogen in the atmosphere is harmless in its inert(惰性的) state, but the report says reactive forms of nitrogen, largely produced by human activity, can be a menace to the natural world.
Emissions mostly come from vehicle exhausts(排气), factories, artificial fertilizers(肥料) and animal waste from intensive farming. The reactive nitrogen they emit to the air disrupts the environment in two ways: It can make acidic soils too acidic to support their previous mix of species. But primarily, because nitrogen is a fertilizer, it favors wild plants that can maximize the use of nitrogen to help them grow.
In effect, some of the nitrogen spread to fertilize crops is carried in the atmosphere to fertilize weeds, possibly a great distance from where the chemicals were first applied.
The effects of fertilization and acidification favor common aggressive species like grasses, brambles and nettles. They harm more delicate species like mosses(苔藓), and insecteating sundew plants.
The report said 60% of wildlife sites were now receiving a critical load of reactive nitrogen. The report's lead author, Dr. Kevin Hicks from the University of York's Stockholm Environment Institute(SEI), told BBC News that England's Peak District had a definitely low range of species as a result of the reactive nitrogen that fell on the area.
“Nitrogen creates a rather big problem that seems to me to have been given too little attention，” he said. “Governments are responsible for protecting areas like this, but they are clearly failing.”
He said more research was needed to understand the knockon effects for creatures from the changes in vegetation accidentally caused by emissions from cars, industry and farms.
At the conference, the representatives agreed “The Edinburgh Declaration on Reactive Nitrogen”. The document highlights the importance of reducing reactive nitrogen emissions to the environment, adding that the benefits of reducing nitrogen outweigh the costs
of taking action.The underlined word “menace” is used to express that the reactive nitrogen, largely produced by human activity can be ________.
| A．frightening | B．threatening | C．unique | D．unusual |
We can infer from the passage that ________.
| A．it's harmless to have reactive nitrogen existing in the atmosphere |
B．reactive nitrogen emissions help aggressive s pecies less than crops |
| C．the harm to those delicate species has a negative impact on biodiversity |
| D．reactive nitrogen can fertilize soils and keep their biodiversity |
The team of EU scientists released the second report of nitrogen emissions this week when ________.
| A．no action was taken to stop nitrogen emission |
| B．governments were willing to protect areas harmed by nitrogen |
| C．“The Edinburgh Declaration on Reactive Nitrogen” was agreed |
| D．nitrogen emissions were threatening wildlife sites' biodiversity |
Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
| A．Keeping Away From Nitrogen Emissions |
| B．Stopping Nitrogen Emissions |
| C．Air Pollution Damaging Europe's Wildlife |
| D．Saving Europe's Wildlife |
PART THREE: READING COMPREHENSION
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
A
“San Francisco, open your Golden Gate, ”sang the girl in the theatre. She neve
r finished her song. The date was 18th, 1906.
The earth shook and the roof suddenly divided, buildings crashed to the ground and people rushed out into the streets. The dreadful earthquake destroyed the city that had grown up when men discovered gold in the deserts of California. But today the streets of San-Francisco stretch over more than 40 steep hills, rising like huge cliffs above the blue waters of the Pacific Ocean.
The best way to see this splendid city, where Spanish were the first to make their homes, is to take one of the old cable cars which run along the nine main avenues. Fares are cheap; they have not risen for almost a hundred years.
You leave the palm trees in Union Square------the heart of San-F
rancisco and from the shop signs and the faces around you, you will notice that in the city live people from many nations—Austrians, Italians, Chinese, and others, giving every part of the city a special character. More Chinese live in China Town than in any other part of the world outside China. Here, with Chinese restaurants, Chinese post-boxes, and even odd telephone-boxes that look like pagoda(宝塔), it is easy to feel you are in China itself.
Fisherman’s Wharf, a place all foreigners want to see, is the end of the ride. You get out, and then set out to find a table in one of gay little restaurants beside the harbor. As you enjoy the fresh Pacific sea food, you can admire the bright red paint of the Golden Gate Bridge in the harbor and watch the traffic crossing beneath the tall towers on its way to the pretty village of Tiberon. When you finish your meal, you may d
ecide to take a boat-trip around the bay to look at the sights. You can stare at the 
famous , now empty, prison of Alcatraz. Then why not go to the fishing village of Sansalito—a little like London’s Chelsea or New York’s Greenwich Village—to see people painting and to look at their pictures. You will be able to enjoy a view of the city from the sea and take pleasure in the soft red and blue Spanish-type houses shining in the bright Pacific light. If you have time you might like to go by bus to Carmel, a hundred miles south of San-Francisco, where you will discover a wild and wonderful coast with high cliffs.
1. The first two paragraphs tell the readers that________.
A. everybody will be attracted by the beauty of San-Francisco.
B. this fantastic modern travel city was built by many hard-working people.
C. San-Francisco has experienced so much before it became a modern international city.
D. There are so many entertainments in attractive San-Francisco
2. How many means of transportation are suggested in the passage?
A. OneB. Two C. Three D. Four
3.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A. The origin city of San-Francisco is created by Spanish people.
B. More Chinese live in San-Francisco than in any other part of the world outside China.
C. Alcatraz used to be a prison but now is deserted.
D. San-Francisco lies near the blue waters of the Pacific.
4.Which is the right order of the travel route given in the passage?
A. Union Square—Fisherman’s Wharf—the Golden Gate Bridge—Tiberon—prison of Alcatraz—Sanalito.
B. Union Square—the Golden Gate Bridge—Tiberon--prison of Alcatraz—Sanalito--Fisherman’s Wharf.
C. Union Square—Fisherman’s Wharf—the Golden Gate Bridge—Tiberon--Chelsea—Greenwich Village.
D.Union Square—the Golden Gate Bridge—Tiberon—Chelsea—Greenwich Village—Fisherman’s Wharf.
5.Which of the following can be the best title?
A. San-Francisco—a prosperous city after the earthquake.
B. San-Francisco—a charming travel city of America.
C. San-Francisco—a city to open her Golden Gate.
D. San-Francisco—a harbor stretching over steep hills.
If you want to deal with th
e association (交往) between boys and girls properly, here are some advice for you to follow.
1) Keep a normal and healthy state of mind. Our schools and classes are made up of boys and girls. It is very natural for the boys and girls to contact each other and build up the friendship with the students of the other sex. Generally speaking, we should broaden the circle of the association. We should make as many friends as possible. We should have more friends of the opposite sex instead of one or two. We should contact the students in public instead of in secret.
2) Contact students of opposite sex warmly, generously and sincerely. Don’t be too nervous or too shy in contact with a person of the opposite sex. In that case it is very difficult for you to make a lot of friends, as no one likes a person who is too shy to say a word. If you are too shy a person, you can also find a way out. First of all, you can contact the students with the same interest and hobby with you. As both of you have much in common, you may have much to talk about. If you keep
doing like that, little by little, you will gladly find you are also as free to express yourself as others.
3) Don't fall into the ditch (泥潭) of early love. The boys and girls at adolescence(青春期)are rich in feelings and full of imagination. They are easy to regard the friendship as a sign of love, and fall in love with other at an early age. In my opinion, boys and girls at
middle school are too young and too tender to shoulder the heavy duty of love. Early love is a green apple that can't be 
eaten. An apple won't taste sweet until it is fully ripe. Do keep out of early love.
1 The underlined word “broaden” in the passage means ________.
A. close down B. make smallC. make broad D. make known
2. We should contact (交往)the student of the opposite sex in the following ways EXCEPT ________.
A. with a good state of mind B. in public
C. in secret D. warmly and generously
4. A person at adolescence is NOT ________.
A. rich in feelings B. full of imagination
C. old enough to fall in love D. easy to regard the friendship as a sign of love
4. The best title of the passage is ________.
A. The early love
B. Some advice on how 
to associate between boys and girls
C. The contact does good not only to the boys but also to the girls
D. How to talk with a girl
A boy and his father were walking in the mountains. Suddenly the boy fell, hurt himself, and cried, “AAAhhhhhhhh!!!” To his surprise, he heard the voice repeating, somewhere in the mountain, “AAAhhhhhhhh!!!” Then the boy cried again, “Who are you?” He received the answer “Who are you?” He thought someone else in the mountain was making fun of him, so he got angry and shouted “Foolish!” He received the answer “Foolish!”
He looked at his father and asked, “What’s going on?” The father smiled and said, “My son, listen.” And then he shouted to the mountain, “I love you!” The voice answered, “I l
ove you!” Again the man cried, “You’re the best!” The voice answered, “You’re the best!”
The boy was surprised, but did not understand. Then the father explained, “People call this ‘Echo’, but really this is life. It gives you back everything you say or do. Our life is just a reflection（反映）of what we have done. If you want more love in the world, have more love in your heart. If you want to be successful, work hard. This can be used in everything in life. Life will give you back everything you have given to it.”
1. At first the boy cried because __________.
A. he fell and hurt himself B. he wanted to give himself a surprise
C. he got angry with his fatherD. he hoped his father would help him
2. When the boy heard the voice repeating, he thought __________.
A. it was foolish to hear other’s voice
B. someone else in the mountain liked his voice
C. he was laughed at by someone else in the mountain
D. there were many people in the mountain
3. The word “Echo” means __________.
A. life itself B. repeating voice C. love in the world D. everything in life
4. We can infer from the story that __________.
A. the boy didn’t like his father at all B. the boy did not understand what his father said
C. people will get everything back D. the father had his own way to teach his son
第三部分阅读技能 (共三节，满分40分)
第一节阅读理解（共12小题；每小题2分，满分24分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
（A）
The following is a timetable in Shanghai Pudong International Airport．
| Airline |
Flight Number |
Destination |
Departure |
Gate |
| Air Canada |
137 |
Beijing |
10:12 a．m． |
24 |
| Japanese Airlines |
320 |
Tokyo |
10:30 a．m． |
18 |
| British Airways |
405 |
Paris |
11:00 a．m． |
20 |
| Pan American |
226 |
London |
11:20 a．m． |
12 |
| Pan American |
12 |
Beijing |
11:43 a．m． |
15 |
| Air Canada |
178 |
Tokyo |
12:32 a．m． |
21 |
| CAAC |
289 |
Hong Kong |
12:32 a．m． |
14 |
| CAAC |
314 |
Moscow |
12:45 a．m． |
18 |
| British Airways |
230 |
New York |
12:55 a．m． |
23 |
1 A man wants to take Flight 178 to Tokyo. Which gate should he go to?
A. 14 B. 28 C. 21 D. 18
2. Lisa is at gate 23. Where is she going?
A. Paris B. Bei
jing C. Tokyo D. New York
3. Now
it’s 10: 40. Mary is at gate 20. Which airline’s plane will she take?
A. British Airways B. Japanese Airlines C. Pan American D. Air Canada
4. Gate _______ is the busiest among all these gates.
A. 23 B. 18 C. 24D. 15
SINGAPORE - Singapore on Thursday stuck to its I8-year ban on the import and sale of chewing gum (口香糖), which has become an international symbol of the city-state's image as a strict society.
"The government stands by its decision to ban chewing gum. Chewing gum has not been a significant problem since that ban took effect, there have been concerns that lifting the ban on chewing gum could result in chewing gum litter and weaken ongoing efforts to control littering." Maliki Osman, parliamentary secretary at the Ministry of National Development, told parliament.
Osman said as the reason for the imposition (强迫接受) of the ban is still suitable, "the government's position is that the ban shall remain." He was responding to a question in parliament from Denise Phua, a fellow member of the ruling People's Action Party who argued that the ban had been used to criticize its tough governance laws.
"I think this ban ... now needs a re-thinking. Surely Singapore will not consider banning sweets because of sweet wrapper litter or ice-cream stick litter," she said.
Singapore, known worldwide for its high-quality clean image, banned the import and sale of chewing gum in 1992 in a bid to cope with the problem of people sticking the gum on chairs, tables, lifts and other public areas.
One of the key reasons for the ban had been the disturbance of services on Singapore's subway train system because of chewing gum being stuck on the doors and causing delays. Singapore partially lifted the ban in 2004 by allowing the sale of chewing gum used for health reasons, such as dental health gum, after the conclusion of a US-Singapore Free Trade Agreement.
Australian tourist Hazel Lane, 48, said keeping the ban on chewing gum was sure Singaporeans wouldn't want to spoil their "ridiculous" and she told AFP that she's own environment and their own image. Angel Wong, 34, a tourist from Hong Kong, however, welcomed the news. She said, "I come from a country that doesn't have the ban and there's always chewing gum all over the floor, To me the ban doesn't change my image of Singapore so it’s a good thing because it keeps the environment clean."
1. The ban on the import and sale of chewing gum was started in 1992 ______.
A. when people began to buy the gum everywhere
B. to bid to stop people sticking the gum in the public
C. because the gum delayed the subway
D. when the country was in a bid to show its city-state's clean image
2. What can we learn about the ban according to Maliki Osman?
A. The government will keep it ongoing forever.
B. It will lead to littering the chewing gum everywhere.
C. More and more concerns about the ban will make chewing gum out of control
D. Banning chewing gum is still one of the important jobs of the government now.
3. According to what Denise Phua said in paragraph 4, we can know that she ______.
A. would say yes to the ban
B. would think more about the ban again
C. would like the government to take the ban on second thought
D. argued that the ban should be cancelled
4. It can be inferred from the passage that ______.
A. whether the ban needs changing or not has become a problem to be discussed
B. Singapore's subway train system was delayed by chewing gum
C. chewing gum will soon be banned in many countries
D. only the ban has led to the friendly environment in Singapore
5. What's the main idea of the last paragraph?
A. There is such a ban in China and Australia.
B. Different people have their own ideas about the ban.
C. The ban is either welcomed by China or by Australia.
D. The ban does good to keep the environment clean.