"Experience may possibly be the best teacher, but it is not a particularly good teacher." You might think that Winston Churhill or perhaps Mark Twain spoke those words, but they actually come from James March, a professor at Stanford University and a pioneer in the field of organization decision making. For years March( possibly be wisest philosopher of management) has studied how humans think and act, and he continues to do so in his new book The Ambiguities of Experience.
He begins by reminding us of just how firmly we have been sticking to the idea of experiential learning :"Experience is respected;experience is sought;experience is explained."The problem is that learning from experience involves(涉及)serious complications(复杂化),ones that are part of the nature of experience itself and which March discusses in the body of this book.
In one interesting part of book,for example,he turns a double eye toward the use of stories as the most effective way of experiential learning. He says"The more accurately(精确的)reality is presented,the less understandable the story,and the more understandable the story, the less realistic it is."
Besides being a broadly knowledgeable researcher. March is also a poet, and his gift shines though in the depth of views he offers and the simple language he uses. Though the book is short, it is demanding;Don't pick it up looking for quick, easy lessons. Rather, be ready to think deeply about learning from experience in work and life.
According to the text, James March is
According to James March, experience
is overvalued
is easy to explain
should be actively sought
should be highly respected
What can we learn from Paragraph 3?
What's the purpose of this text?
PAUL’S brother bought him a new car as a Christmas present. On Christmas Eve (前夜), Paul saw a boy walking around the new car, admiring it.
"Is this your car, Mister?" he asked.
Paul nodded. "My brother gave it to me for Christmas." The boy was amazed. "You mean your brother just gave it to you? Boy, I wish...." Paul knew what he was going to wish for — a brother who would buy him a car. But the boy surprised Paul.
"I wish that I could be a brother like that," he said.
Astonished, Paul invited the boy to go for a ride in the new car.
After a short ride, the boy said, "Would you mind driving in front of my house?" Paul thought the boy wanted to show the car to his neighbors. But Paul was wrong again.
The boy ran up the steps of his house. Soon he came back carrying his crippled (残废的) little brother. He pointed to the car. "Look!" he said to the little boy. "His brother gave him that car for Christmas. Some day I’m gonna give you one just like it!"
Paul got out and lifted the little boy into his car. The older brother climbed in beside him and the three of them went on a wonderful holiday ride.
That Christmas Eve, Paul learned how good it felt to give.
53. Paul’s brother gave him ___ as a Christmas present.
A. a suit B. a car C. a bicycle D. a card
54. When the boy saw the car, he wished that ____.
A. he could buy a car for himself B. he had a brother to buy him a car
C. he could buy a car for his brother D. he could have a ride in the car
55. When the boy asked Paul the drive the car in front his house, he wanted ___.
A. to show off to his neighbors B. his brother to see the car
C. Paul to drive him home D. to enjoy a ride in the car
56. The story mainly tells us ______.
A. practice makes perfect B. it is important to make money
C. giving makes people feel good D. a friend in need is a friend indeed
第三部分阅读技能 (共三节,满分35分)
阅读理解(共12小题;每小题1.5分,满分18分)
阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
TEENAGERS lead an exciting life in high school, making friends and dreaming about the future. However, as all young people know, teenagers have plenty of worries too.
Do you know what British teenagers worry about most? A survey by the UK's Department of Health shows that the top worries are losing weight (减肥) and fitting in (适应). Over 100,000 teenagers took part in the research.
Losing weight is a big concern among teenagers. This may be an effect of famous people with perfect bodies around them.
Adolescence is a physically and emotionally difficult time. Teenagers want to feel good about their bodies.
It's also important for them to be accepted. Many teenagers were picked on (作弄) in high school. “Who should I eat lunch with?” “Who should I hang out with?” “Will I be accepted?” These questions are troubling many UK teenagers, according to the survey.
It's interesting to see that family background has an effect on teenagers' worries. Teenagers from low-income families worried more about losing weight and bullying (欺凌弱小). Teenagers from higher income families were more likely to worry about fitting in and peer pressure (同辈压力).
49 According to the survey, British teenagers are most worried about ______.
A. fitting in and making money B. finding jobs and making friends
C. losing weight and being accepted D. making money and losing weight.
50. Many teenagers are concerned about losing weight because ______.
A. they see thin famous people B. they care a lot about health
C. they don't have much money D. they face problems in life
51. The word “adolescence” in the fourth paragraph means ______.
A.幼儿期 B.青春期 C.青年期 D.老年期
52. Suppose Jack is from a poor family; what do you think he may worry more about?
A. fitting in and losing weight B. fitting in and peer pressure
C. losing weight and bullying D. losing weight and peer pressure
In 1999, twelve percent of public elementary schools in the United States required students to wear uniforms. Just three years later, the amount was almost double that.
A study of six big-city Ohio public schools showed students who were required to wear uniforms had improved graduation, behavior and attendance rates. Academic performance was unchanged.
Some high schools in Texas have also joined in the movement. Yet studies find mixed results from requiring uniforms. And some schools have turned away from such policies.
Supporters believe dressing the same creates a better learning environment and safer schools. The school district in Long Beach, California, was the first in the country to require uniforms in all elementary and middle schools. The example helped build national interest in uniforms as a way to deal with school violence and improve learning.
Findings in Long Beach suggested that the policy resulted in fewer behavior problems and better attendance. But researcher Viktoria, who has looked at those findings, says they were based only on opinions about the effects of uniforms.
She says other steps taken at the same time to improve schools in Long Beach and statewide could have influenced the findings. The district (the area marked by government) increased punishments for misbehavior. And California passed a law to reduce class sizes.
In Florida, for example, researcher Sharon found that uniforms seemed to improve behavior and reduce violence. In Texas, Eloise found fewer discipline problems among students required to wear uniforms, but no effect on attendance.
Sociologist David has studied school uniform policies since1998.He collected the reports in the book. In his own study, he found that reading and mathematics performance dropped after a school in Pennsylvania(宾夕法尼亚州) required uniforms.
Political and community pressures may persuade schools to go to uniforms to improve learning. But David and others believe there is not enough evidence of a direct relationship. In fact, he says requiring uniforms may even increase discipline problems.
67.Which of the following researchers are NOT supporters of school uniform policies?
A.Viktoria and Sharon. B.Sharon and David.
C.Eloise and Sharon. D.Viktoria and David.
68.The underlined word“misbehavior”in the sixth paragraph probably means ________.
A.serious crime B.bad performance
C.absence for class D.action against wearing uniforms
69.What can we infer from the passage?
A.More work is needed to get better information about uniform’s effect.
B.The number of schools requiring uniforms in the U.S. will become less sharply.
C.Wearing uniforms has little to do with behavior and learning.
D.Politicians and communities won’t vote for uniform policies.
70.What’s the main idea of this passage?
A.More and more students are required to wear uniforms in the U.S.
B.Wearing uniforms contributes to good academic performance.
C.Researchers in the U.S. argue for school uniform policies.
D.Evidence for school uniform polices in the U.S. is seen as weak.
When other nine-year-old kids were playing games, she was working at a petrol station. When other teens were studying or going out, she struggled to find a place to sleep on the street. But she overcame these terrible setbacks to win a highly competitive scholarship and gain entry to Harvard University. And her amazing story has inspired a movie,“Homeless to Harvard: The Liz Murray Story”, shown in late April.
Liz Murray, a 22-year-old American girl, has been writing a real-life story of willpower and determination. Liz grew up in the shadow of two drug-addicted parents. There was never enough food or warm clothes in the house. Liz was the only member of the family who had a job. Her mother had AIDS and died when Liz was just 15 years old. The effect of that became a turning point in her life. Connecting the environment in which she had grown up with how her mother had died, she decided to do something about it.
Liz went back to school. She threw herself into her studies, never telling her teachers that she was homeless. At night, she lived on the streets.“What drove me to live on had something to do with understanding, by understanding that there was a whole other way of being. I had only experienced a small part of the society,”she wrote in her book Breaking Night.
She admitted that she used envy to drive herself on. She used the benefits that come easily to others, such as a safe living environment, to encourage herself that“next to nothing could hold me down”. She finished high school in just two years and won a full scholarship to study at Harvard University. But Liz decided to leave her top university a couple of months earlier this year in order to take care of her father, who has also developed AIDS.“I love my parents so much. They are drug addicts. But I never forget that they love me all the time.”
Liz wants moviegoers (who often see films) to come away with the idea that changing your life is“as simple as making a decision”.
63.In which order did the following things happen to Liz?
A.Her mother died of AIDS. B.She worked at a petrol station.
C.She got admitted into Harvard. D.The movie about her life was put on.
e. She had trouble finding a place to sleep.
A.b, a, e, c, d B.a, b, c, e, d C.e, d, b, a, c D.b, e, a, d, c
64.The main idea of the passage is ________.
A.how Liz managed to enter Harvard University
B.what a hard time Liz had in her childhood
C.why Liz loved her parents so much
D.how Liz struggled to change her life
65.What actually made her go towards her goal?
A.Envy and competition. B.Willpower and determination.
C.Decisions and understanding. D.Love and respect for her parents.
66.When she wrote“What drove me to live on...I had only experienced a small part of the society”, she meant that ________.
A.she had little experience of social life
B.she could hardly understand the society
C.she would do something for her own life
D.she needed to travel more around the world
Until late in the 20th century most Americans spent time with people of different generations. Now middle-aged Americans may not keep in touch with old people until they are old themselves.
That's because we group people by age. We put our three-year-olds together in day-care centers, our 13-year-olds in schools and sport activities, and our 80-year-olds in senior citizen homes. Why?
We live far away from the old for many reasons. Young people sometimes avoid the old to get rid of fears of becoming old and dying. It is much harder to watch someone we love disappear before our eyes. Sometimes it’s got hard that we stay away from the people who need us the most.
Fortunately, some of us have found our way to the old. And we have discovered that they often save the young.
A reporter moved her family into a block filled with old people. At first her children were disappointed. But the reporter made banana bread for the neighbors and had her children send it and visit them. Soon the children had many new friends, with whom they shared food, stories and projects. "My children have never been lonely, "the reporter said.
The young, in turn, save the old. Once I was in a rest home (an organization where old people are cared for) when a visitor showed up with a baby, she was immediately surrounded. People who hadn't gotten out of bed in a week suddenly were ringing for a wheelchair. Even those who had seemed asleep woke up to watch the child. Babies have an astonishing power to comfort and cure.
Grandparents are a special case. They give their grandchildren a feeling of security and continuity. As my husband put it "My grandparents gave me a deep sense that things would turn out right in the end." Grandchildren speak of attention they don't get from worried parents. "My parents were always telling me to hurry up, and my grandparents told me to slow down," one friend said. A teacher told me she can tell which pupils have relationships with grandparents: they are quieter, calmer and more trusting.
59.Now in an American family, people can find that___________.
A.children never live with their parents
B.not all working people live with their parents
C.old people are supported by their grandchildren
D.grandchildren are supported by their grandparents
60.Seeing a baby, the old people got excited because _______.
A.they had never seen a baby before
B.the baby was clever and beautiful
C.the baby brought them the image of life
D.the baby's mother would take care of them
61.Why are some children quieter, calmer and more trusting ?
A.Because they have relationships with their grandparents.
B.Because their worried parents ask them to act like that.
C . Because they have nothing to worry about.
D.Because their teachers ask them to act like that.
62.Which of the following can show the fact that the old often save the young?
A.The old can become friends of the children and the children may not feel lonely.
B.The old get excited when they see a baby.
C.The old can cure the young when they are sick.
D.Babies have an astonishing power to comfort and cure.