Until recently, women in advertisements wore one of three things — an apron, an attractive dress or a frown. Although that is now changing, many women still feel angry about offending advertisements. “This ad degrades women.” they protested（抗议）.Why does this sort of advertising exist? How can advertisers and ad agencies still produce, sometimes, after months of research, advertising that offends the consumer?
The ASA, the body which deals with complaints about print media, is carrying out research into how women feel about the way they are pictured in advertisements. Its conclusions are likely to be what the advertising industry already knows: although women are often annoyed by the ads, few feel strong enough to complain.
Women are not the only victims of poor and boring stereotypes（老套）— in many TV commercials men are seen either as useless, childish fools who are unable to perform the simplest household tasks, or as inconsiderate fellows, always on the lookout for an escape to the pub. But it is women who seem to suffer more from the industry’s inability to put people into an authentic present-day situation. Yet according to Emma Bennett, director of a London advertising agency, women are not aggressive or extremely angry about those stereotypes and sexist （歧视妇女）advertising. “They just find it annoying or tiresome.”
She says that it is not advertising’s use of the housewife role that bothers women, but the way in which it is handled. “The most important thing is the advertisement’s tone of voice. Women hate being insincerely praised or given desperately down-to-earth common-sense advice.”
In the end, the responsibility for good advertising must be shared between the advertiser, the advertising agency and the consumer. Advertising does not set trends but it reflects them. It is up to the consumer to tell advertisers where they fail, and the process of change will remain slow until people on the receiving end take the business seriously and make their –feelings known.Despite recent changes in attitudes, some advertisements still fail to .
| A．change women’s opinions of themselves |
| B．show any understanding of consumers’ feelings |
| C．persuade the public to buy certain products |
| D．meet the needs of the advertising industry |
According to the writer, the commonest fault of present-day advertising is to .
| A．condemn the role of the housewife | B．ignore protests about advertisements |
| C．present a misleading image of women | D．picture the activities of men wrongly |
Emma Bennett suggests that advertisement ought to .
| A．give further emphasis to practical advice |
| B．change their style rather than their content |
| C．use male images instead of female ones |
| D．sing higher praise for women than before |
We can learn from the passage that advertising industry should .
| A．take its job more eagerly | B．do more pioneering work |
| C．take notice of the public opinion | D．concentrate on the products advertised |
It's not a new phenomenon, but have you noticed how many nouns are being used as verbs? We all use them, often without noticing what we're doing.
I was arranging to meet someone for dinner last week, and I said “I’ll pencil it in my diary”, and my friend said “You can ink it in”, meaning that it was a firm arrangement not a tentative one!
Many of these new verbs are linked to new technology. An obvious example is the word fax, which is a shortening of facsimile originally, an exact copy of a book or document. We all got used to sending and receiving faxes, and then soon started talking about faxing something and promising we'd fax it immediately. So, nouns turn into verbs in two easy stages. Then along came email, and we were soon all emailing each other madly. How did we do without it? I can hardly imagine life without my daily emails.
Email reminds me, of course, of my computer and its software, which has produced another couple of new verbs. On my computer I can bookmark those pages from the World Wide Web that I think I'll want to look at again, thus saving all the effort of remembering their addresses and calling them up from scratch. I can do the same thing on my PC, but there I don't bookmark; I favorite—coming from “favorite pages”, so the verb is derived from an adjective not a noun. I wasn’t really sure whether people said this, but someone told me recently that they had favorited a site I was looking for and so they could easily give me its address.
In the late 1980s I noticed that lots of my friends had acquired pagers, and kept saying things like “I’ll page you as soon as I know what time we’re meeting”. They couldn't say it to me, though; I refused to have one. So my children bought me a mobile phone, now known simply as a mobile and I had to learn yet more new verbs. I can message someone, that is, I can leave a message （either spoken or written）for them on their phone．Or I can text them, write a few words suggesting when and where to meet, for example. How long will it be before I can mobile them, that is, phone them using my mobile? I haven’t heard that verb yet, but I’m sure I will soon. Perhaps I’ll start using it myself!
60. “I’ll pencil it in my diary” in the second paragraph probably means .
| A．it was a firm arrangement |
| B．it was an uncertain arrangement |
| C．the arrangement should be written as a diary |
| D．he prefers a pencil to a pen |
61. A website address can be easily found if it has been .
| A．emailed | B．messaged | C．favorited | D．texted |
62. Which of the following has not been used as a verb yet?
| A．message | B．page | C．email | D．mobile |
63. The best title for this passage is．
| A．New Verbs from Old Nouns |
| B．The Development of the English language |
| C．New Technology and New words |
| D．Technology and Language |
If you’re training for a marathon , a proper plan for water intake (摄入) is important. Of course, there’s the risk of dehydration (脱水). But athletes now know they can also get into trouble by drinking too much. Too much water intake can lower levels of sodium (钠) in the blood . The death of a 28-year-old woman following the Boston Marathon caught the attention of many runners and led to new research.
Experts advise long distance runners to replace the liquids they sweat out. Their goal is to try to keep someone from not getting dehydrated by more than 2 percent of their body weight.
One technique for deciding how much water you need is to get the exact numbers. Runners have to weight themselves before and after a run to determine how much water they’ve lost. If their weight drops by more than 2 percent, they have not drunk enough water.
Hyponatremia occurs when runners drink so much water that blood salt levels drop off. A study published last year tested 488 runners who completed the Boston Marathon and found 13 percent of them had dangerously low blood salt levels. The first sign that runners may notice is slightly swelling in the hands. They can’t get their rings off, and then they might feel sick. They may not remember where they are. In fact, most runners get enough salt to get back to normal levels by eating just one meal after a run. Contrary to the old advice that runners should drink as much as they can to prevent dehydration , the new research has shown that the body is a remarkable machine that actually tells you via thirst when you need water .
56. The author of this passage is primarily concerned with.
| A．the signs and treatment for dehydration |
| B．the long distance runners who need help |
| C．how to manage water intake during a marathon |
| D．a 28-year-old woman who died after a Boston Marathon |
57. Why do runners have to weigh themselves before and after a run ?
| A．They can improve their performance in a run. |
| B．They can learn how much salt there is in the blood. |
| C．They can know the quantity of water they’ve lost during a run. |
| D．They can decide what kind of water they should take during a run. |
58. What conclusion can we draw from the passage ?
| A．Taking much salt during a run can avoid selling in the body. |
| B．Either too much or too little of water intake is harmful. |
| C．A rich meal is helpful to our performance in a run. |
| D．We should take enough salt during a run. |
59．According the passage, which of the following statements is correct ?
| A．Too much water intake→blood sodium levels ↓→dehydration. |
| B．Too much water intake→blood salt levels ↓→hyponatremia . |
| C．No water intake→blood sodium levels↑→hyponatremia . |
| D．No water intake →blood salt levels ↓→hyponatrenmia . |
America is grooving older. Fify years ago, only 4 out of every 100 people in the United Satates were 65 or older. Today, 10 out of every 100 Americans are over 65. The aging of the population will affect American society in many ways - education, medicine, and business. Quietly, the graying of America has made us a very different society-one in which people have a quite different idea of what kind of behavior(行为) is suitable at various ages.
A person’s age no longer tells you anything about his/her social position, marriage or health. There’s no longer a particular year in which one goes to school or goes to work or gets married or starts a family. The social clock that kept us on time tells ads it used to be. It doesn’t surprise us to hear of a 29 -year-old man who has become a father for the first time. Public ideas are changing. Many people say, “I’m much younger than my mother or my father was at my age.” No one says “act your Age” anymore. We’ve stopped looking with surprise at older people who act in youthful ways.
72. It can be learnt from the text that the aging of the population in America _____.
| A．has made people feel younger |
| B．has changed people’s social position |
| C．has changed people’s understanding of age |
| D．has slowed down the country’s social development |
73. The underlined word “one” refers to_______ .
| A．a society | B．America | C．a place | D．population |
74. “Act your age” means people should ____ .
| A．be active when they are old |
| B．do the right thing at the right age |
| C．show respect for their parents young or old |
| D．take more physical exercise suitable to their age |
75. If a 25-year-old man becomes general manager of a big firm the writer of the text would most probably consider it _________.
| A．normal | B．wonderful | C．unbelievable | D．unreasonable |
Harald Kaas was sixty. His back became rounded, and he bent a little. His forehead, always of the broadest－no one else’s hat would fit him － was now one of the highest, that is to say, he had lost all his teeth, which were strong though small, and blackened by smoking. Now, instead of “deuce take it” he said “deush take it”. He had always held his hands half closed as though grasping something; now they stiffened so that he could never open them fully. The little finger of his ldft hand had been bitten off. According to Harald’s version of the story, the fellow swallowed the piece on the spot.
He was fond of showing off the ldft part, and it often served as an introduction to the history of brave adventures, which became greater and greater and greater as he grew older and quieter. His small sharp eyes were deep set and looked at one with great intensity. There wsa power in his individuality. He has no lack of self-respect.
His house, raised on an old foundation, looked out to the south over many islands; farther out were more islands and the open sea. Its eastern wing was barely half furnished, and the western inhabited by Harald Kaas. These wings were connected by a gallery, behind which were the fields and woods to the north.
In the gallery itself were heads of bears, wolves, foxes and lynxes and stuffed birds from land and sea. Skins and guns hung on the walls of the front room. The inner rooms were also full of skins and filled with the smell of wild animals and tobacco-smoke. Harald himself called it “man-smell”; no one who had once put his nose inside could ever forget it. Valuable and beautiful skins hung on the walls and sat, and walked on skins, and each one of them was a subject of conversation. Harald Kaas, seated in his log chair by the fireside, his feet on the bearskin, opened his shirt to show the scars on his hairy chest (and what scars they were) which had been made by a bears teeth, when he had driven his knife, right up to the end, into the monster’s heart. All the tables, and cupboards, and carved chairs listened in their silence.
68．Who or what most probably bit harald Kaass’ little finger off?
| A．On of his fellow hunters |
| B．An adversary in a boxing match |
| C．A wild animal |
| D．One of his hunting dogs |
|
69．Which of the following pictures shows the right description of Harald Kaas’ home?
| A．Brave and strong now , he was the best bunter in the neighborhood. |
| B．Old and lonely now, he never forgot his great past hunting life. |
| C．Always greedy and cruel, he was rich by hunting and selling animals. |
| D．Still active and busy, he managed to protect his neighborhood by killing animals. |
Sports medicine experts have observed for years that athletes such as long distance runners, especially women athletes, often display a lack of iron. Now a new study by a team of Purdue University researchers suggests that even moderate exercise may lead to reduced iron in the blood of women.
"We found that women who were normally inactive and then started a program of moderate exercise of middle degree showed sings of iron loss," says Roseanne M. Lyle, associate professor at Purdue. Her study of 62 formerly inactive women who began exercising three times a week for six months was published in the journal Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise.
Iron deficiency is very common among women in general, affecting one in four female teenagers and one in five women aged 18 to 45, respectively. But the ratio is even greater among active women, affecting up to 80 percent of female endurance athletes. This means, Lyle says, that "too many women ignore the amount of iron they take in". Women of child-bearing age are at greatest risk, since their monthly bleeding is a major source of iron loss. Plus, many health-conscious women increase their risk by rejecting red meat, which contains the most easily absorbed form of iron. And because women often restrict their diet in an effort to control weight, they may not consume enough iron-rich food, and are liable to experience a deficiency.
Exercise can result in iron loss through a variety of mechanisms. Some iron is lost in sweat, and, for unknown reasons, intense endurance exercise is sometimes associated with bleeding of the digestive system. Athletes in high-impact sports such as running may also lose iron through a phenomenon where small blood vessels in the feet leak blood.
There are three stages of iron deficiency. The first and most common is having low iron reserves, a condition that typically has no symptoms. Fatigue and poor performance may begin to appear in the second stage of deficiency, when not enough iron is present to form the molecules(分子) of blood protein that transport oxygen to the working muscles. In the third and final stage, people often feel weak, tired, and out of breath - and exercise performance is severely compromised.
"People think that if they're not at the third stage, nothing is wrong, but that's not true," says John L. Beard, who helped design the Purdue study. "You're not stage 3 until your iron reserves go to zero, and if you wait until that point, you're in trouble."
Beard and other experts say it’s advisable for people to have a yearly blood test. If iron levels are low, talk with a physician to see if the deficiency should be corrected by changing your diet and taking iron-rich foods or by taking iron-added pills.
“Select breads and cereals with the words ‘iron-added’ on the label,” writes sports diet expert Nancy Clark. “This added iron supplements the small amount that naturally occurs in grains.” Clark also recommends cooking in iron pans, as food can obtain iron from the pan during the cooking process.
64．Which of the following may be the title for the passage?
| A．Science, sports and exercise |
| B．Correct iron deficiency |
| C．Women, Iron and exercise |
| D．Women, health and exercise |
65．The third paragraph is developed mainly by .
| A．organizing the details according to the order of time |
| B．presenting the result followed by specific causes |
| C．beginnign with details followed by a general statement |
| D．making comparisons ad contrasts |
66．What does it mean when you are in the third stage of iron defieiency?
| A．Nothing serious though you don’t have much iron stored in the body. |
| B．There is not enough iron to form the molecules of blood protein to transport oxygen. |
| C．The small blood vessels in your reet are beginnig to leak blood. |
| D．No iron is ldft in your body and you would be in trouble without urgent measures. |
67．What is the writer’s attitude in writing this passage?
| A．Defensive. | B．Persuasive. | C．Supportive. | D．Objective. |
