It was a simple letter asking for a place to study at Scotland’s oldest university which helped start a revolution in higher education. A 140-year-old letter written by a lady calling for her to be allowed to study medicine at St Andrews University has been discovered by researchers. Written by Sophia Jex-Blake in 1873, the seven-page document, which urged the university to allow women to study medicine at the institution, was released yesterday on International Women’s Day.
The document was discovered buried in the university archives (档案) by part-time history student Lis Smith, who is completing her PhD at St Andrews Institute of Scottish Historical Research. She said: “We knew that Sophia Jex-Blake and her supporters, in their effort to open up university medical education for women, had written to the Senatus Academicus (校评议委员会) at St Andrews in an attempt to gain permission to attend classes there, but we didn’t know documentary evidence existed. While searching the archives for information about the university’s higher certificate for women, I was astonished to come across what must be the very letter Jex-Blake wrote.”
In the letter, Sophia and her supporters offered to hire teachers or build suitable buildings for a medical school and to arrange for lectures to be delivered in the subjects not already covered at St Andrews. Although her letter was not successful, it eventually led to the establishment of the Ladies Literate in Arts at St Andrews, a distance-learning degree for women. The qualification, which ran from 1877 until the 1930s, gave women access to university education in the days before they were admitted as students. It was so popular that it survived long after women were admitted as full students to St Andrews in 1892.
Ms Jex-Blake went on to help establish the London School of Medicine for Women in 1874. She was accepted by the University of Berne, where she was awarded a medical degree in January 1877. Eventually, she moved back to Edinburgh and opened her own practice. Sophia wrote a letter to St Andrews University because she wanted _______.
| A．to carry out a research project there |
| B．to set up a medical institute there |
| C．to study medicine there |
| D．to deliver lectures there |
Lis Smith found Sophia’s letter to St Andrews University _______.
| A．by pure chance |
| B．in the school office |
| C．with her supporters’ help |
| D．while reading history books |
Sophia’s letter resulted in the establishment of _______.
| A．the London School of Medicine for Women |
| B．a degree programme for women |
| C．a system of medical education |
| D．the University of Berne |
When did St Andrews University begin to take full-time women students?
| A．In 1873. |
| B．In 1874. |
| C．In 1877. |
| D．In 1892. |
For many years there's been a debate about rewarding our children. Does it work? Is it effective?
Some people think we should establish a standard with our kids and give them something for meeting this standard as a reward. Punishment is given out in much the same way, but it’s used when certain standards of performance, behavior, etc. have not been met. Kids will often become more dutiful when threatened with punishment, and work harder when promised a valuable reward. The problem is what happens when you aren’t around.
To develop responsible, self-disciplined kids, parents need to promote certain ideas. One of these ideas is that everyone pitches in and helps in your family. Another idea is that there can be enjoyment in doing any task if we choose to make it so. When a task is for a worthy cause (our family can enjoy the house more because I helped clean it), this message can have a big impact.
This is how we help our kids develop a sense of responsibility. When our children develop this responsibility, they’ll be more disciplined, and they’ll control their emotions better. When we give rewards to our kids, we reduce the sense of responsibility. We also create children who may temporarily perform to a certain standard, but who aren’t likely to continue the performance without the carrot hanging in front of them.
“Rewards and punishment can change behavior for a while, but they cannot change the person who engages in the behavior,” said Alfie Kohn, author of Punished by Rewards. “Good values have to be grown from the inside out.” Parents can help give their children a sense of shared responsibility and discipline which can last a life time. The real rewards that your children receive will be their readiness for the complex and demanding world that waits for them—a world that rewards those who have learned the secrets of discipline responsibility. So keep those shiny rewarding to yourself, and let your kids find their own rewards. According to the passage, when children are threatened with punishment, ______.
| A．they may lose interest in their work |
| B．the results will be worse than usual |
| C．they may change to another person |
| D．they may appear to be well-behaved |
The underlined part “the carrot” in Paragraph 4 probably refers to _____.
| A．apologies | B．aims | C．rewards | D．doubts |
According to the passage, Alfie Kohn would agree that parents should ______.
| A．never pay attention to the way their children do things |
| B．show their children how to behave by example |
| C．help their children establish good values |
| D．never punish their children |
What’s the best title for the passage?
| A．Should parents reward their children? |
| B．Do you often reward your children? |
| C．When should parents reward their children? |
| D．What can parents reward their children with? |
Apollo
For lovers of the arts, Apollo is a truly good magazine. Covering the ages and the great civilizations(文明） of the world, Apollo brings you well-pictured yet fine articles by internationally famous writers, as well as information on exhibitions(展览） and sales. Experience five monthly issues（报刊的期） for as little as £ 5 each.
The Guardian Weekly（每周卫报）
The Guardian Weekly gives you a world view with articles（文章） from four of the world’s most respected newspapers. Read the news from different views and draw your own conclusions(得出结论） on the stories shaping our world. Try it for 3 months for just £ 15.55. Plus(外加） get a free copy of The Guardian Year 2003.
New Internationalist（国际主义者）
Full of excellent writing and photos, the magazine covers one key topic each month, from Terrorism(恐怖主义） to Poverty（贫困） to Climate Change. Reporters from around the world provide you with a whole world view.
Plus: Many fresh reports and stories to keep you up-to-date on world affairs(事务. 3 months free and free World Map.
The Week
The Week is the only weekly summary（摘要）giving you the best of the British and foreign newspapers in just 35 pages. Designed to be read in just 1 hour, it provides you with everything you need and want to know. Try The Week now with 13 issues for just £ 13. 75. If you decide it’s not for you, just tell us within the first 6 weeks and you can get your money back.Which of the following magazines will probably give you with articles about music and paintings?
| A．Apollo. | B．The Week. |
| C．New Internationalist. | D．The Guardian Weekly. |
It is possible that most of the readers of the four magazines are ______.
| A．men | B．women |
| C．children | D．grown-ups |
The underlined word up-to-date in the third text means .
| A．know the latest information or changes |
| B．newest |
| C．at present |
| D．out of fashion. |
Which of the following would you most probably read if you want to get information from the world’s most popular newspapers?
| A．Apollo & The Week. |
| B．Apollo & New Internationalist. |
| C．The Guardian Weekly & The Week. |
| D．The Guardian Weekly & New Internationalist. |
The purpose（目的）of the four texts is to ______.
| A．tell the readers the latest news |
| B．get more readers to subscribe (订阅) |
| C．show the importance of the four magazines |
| D．introduce(介绍） the four magazines to new readers |
In America, after middle school comes high school, which includes grades 9 through 12. Students are required to take compulsory subjects like English, social studies, math, science, and physical education. In addition, they choose among elective subjects （选修科目）to complete their high school education. Electives include subjects in technology, music, art, and foreign languages.
Each student in the school has their own locker（储物柜）for books and personal items. This convenience saves students from carrying textbooks, and allows students a small space they can decorate with（以……装饰）posters and favorite objects.
Cheating in any form is strictly prohibited（禁止）in American schools. And in fact, high school students usually don't cheat. If they are caught cheating, they will have to face severe punishment.
Each school holds certain yearly activities for all school students, such as homecoming（返校节）, prom night（学年舞会）, holiday celebrations, etc.
Most high schools have at least one sports team that competes in local games, and all students are encouraged to take part in athletics. Schools often offer football, baseball and softball, basketball, volleyball, tennis, and soccer. Some may even have sports like golf, swimming, gymnastics and cross-country skiing.
Many high school students have part-time jobs by the age of 15 or 16, some even earlier. Their first jobs are often babysitting or cutting lawns（草坪）, but later they will likely get a job at a fast-food restaurant, video store, or clothing shop.
Sixteen years old is legal（法定）driving age in most states, and students usually want to own a car as soon as they can. Some parents allow their children to drive a family car, and may even buy a car as a graduation present. Others prefer that their sons and daughters earn enough to buy a used car. Many teenagers feel it's necessary to own a car, and will do whatever it takes to be able to drive.Which is the best title of this passage?
| A．How American Students Study. |
| B．American High School Life |
| C．The Life of American Students. |
| D．Introduction to American School. |
Which statement is right according to the passage?
| A．Cheating is strictly banned（禁止. only in American high schools. |
| B．Teenagers in America can be allowed to drive after sixteen years old. |
| C．Schools encourage all students to take part in sports. |
| D．English, social studies, math, science, and physical education are elective subjects. |
The underlined word compulsory in the second line stands for .
| A．voluntary |
| B．difficult |
| C．optional |
| D．necessary |
From the short passage we can infer that .
| A．All high school hold some activities for students every year, like homecoming. |
| B．American parents usually buy cars as graduation presents for their children. |
| C．If the American boys and girls can earn enough money they can buy a used car to drive. |
| D．High school students must have part-time jobs by the age of 15 or 16. |
The second paragraph suggests
| A．A locker can give students a small space to save money. |
| B．Students can share their lockers. |
| C．Students can put their posters and favorite objects in the lockers. |
| D．School provides students lockers to keep their books and personal things. |
2008 sadly saw the worst earthquake in China in over 30 years. The Great Sichuan Earthquake was 8 on the Richter scale and killed around 70,000 people in May, not to mention the tens of thousands who were injured or went missing.
On 26th January, 2009, the biggest earthquake in India took the lives of 25,000 people. In the morning, when everybody was enjoying holiday, the earthquake began, It was about 7.5 on the Richter scale. "There is nothing left between the sky and the earth any more. Everything has been pulled down. " said one of the villagers alive. " There is no water, no food and no one has come to help."
Nobody died in Pakistan, a country next to India. The City of Lahore was lucky. In Lahore American School, where I was studying, all of the students were safe. They were in the field, so most children didn't feel anything. The earthquake was felt by the teachers that were on the second floor. However, though Mrs Young was also on the second floor, she didn't feel anything. She didn't know what happened until a teacher told her about it. Those teachers who were on the other floors had different feelings. Mr Emond, the maths teacher from Australia, said that when the earthquake started he thought there was something wrong with him, but then another teacher said that it was an earthquake. After those words Mr Emond felt better. Mrs Davis and Mr Frost didn't feel anything either.
My mother didn't feel anything. She didn't even know that it was an earthquake till she saw a shaking light. My dad saw the computer shaking and then he looked out of the window and saw many people going out.People use Richter scale to tell ______________
| A．where the earthquake takes place |
| B．when the earthquake takes place |
| C．how serious the earthquake is |
| D．how long the earthquake lasts |
The recent biggest earthquake both in China and India killed around ___ people.
| A．25,000 | B．45,000 | C．70,000 | D．95,000 |
From the sentence “ There is nothing left between the sky and the earth any more” we learn that______________.
| A．India is a large country |
| B．the Indian had nothing after the earthquake |
| C．there is no tall building in India |
| D．the earthquake in India was serious |
According to the passage, the City of Lahore is in __________________.
| A．India | B．Pakistan | C．America | D．China |
Most children now chat daily either online or through their mobile phones. They are connecting to a huge number of other children all over the world. Some are shy “in real life” but are confident to communicate with others online; others find support from people of their own age on relationship issues, or problems at home.
Sometimes the online world, just like the real word, can introduce problems, such as bullying or arguments. Going online is great fun, but there are also a few people who use the Internet for offensive（冒犯性的）or illegal aims. Children must be made aware of both the good things and the danger.
To keep children safe your management must cover the family computer. Just as you decide which TV programs are suitable, you need to do the same for the websites and chat rooms your children visit. Remind your children that online friends are still strangers. Reminding them of the risks will keep them alert. (警惕)
Computer studies are part of schoolwork now, so it’s likely that your children may know more than you do. We get left behind when it comes to the latest gadgets (玩意儿) and interactive areas of websites, like chat rooms and message boards, which are especially strange. The language of chat is strange to many parents, too. Chatters love to use abbreviations such as: atb— all the best; bbfn— bye by for now; cul8er —see you later; gr8—great; idk— I don’t know; imbl— it must be love; kit —keep in touch; paw— parents are watching; lol—laugh out loud; xlnt— excellent!The passage is written for __________.
| A．children | B．parents | C．teachers | D．net bar owners. |
The underlined word “ aware” most probably means __________.
| A．careful | B．proud | C．to know | D．to hear |
Which of the following will the author probably agree with?
| A．Children shouldn’t chat so much online. |
| B．People had better not use the net language in real life. |
| C．Parents are advised to choose suitable websites and chat rooms for their children. |
| D．Children should surf the Internet together with their parents. |
When your son is chatting about something secret online with you standing beside him, he may use_______.
| A．bbfn. | B．lol | C．paw | D．cul8er |