Elizabeth Blackwell was born in England in 1821, and moved to New York City when she was ten years old. One day she decided that she wanted to become a doctor. That was nearly impossible for a woman in the middle of the nineteenth century. After writing many letters asking for admission(录取) to medical schools, she was finally accepted by a doctor in Philadelphia. She was so determined that she taught school and gave music lessons to get money for the cost of schooling.
In 1849, after graduation from medical school. she decided to further her education in Paris. She wanted to be a surgeon(外科医师) , but a serious eye problem forced her to give up the idea.
Upon returning to the United States, she found it difficult to start her own practice because she was a woman. By 1857 Elizabeth and her sister, also a doctor, along with another woman doctor, managed to open a new hospital, the first for women and children. Besides being the first woman physician and founding her own hospital , she also set up the first medical school for women.What main obstacle(障碍) almost destroyed Elizabeth’s chances for becoming for a doctor?
| A．She wrote too many letters. |
| B．She was a woman. |
| C．She couldn’t graduate from medical school. |
| D．She couldn’t set up her hospital. |
Why couldn’t Elizabeth Blackwell realize her dream of becoming a surgeon?
| A．She couldn’t get admitted to medical school |
| B．She decided to further her education in Paris |
| C．A serious eye problem stopped her |
| D．It was difficult for her to start a practice in the United States |
How many years passed between her graduation from medical school and the opening of her hospital?
| A．Nineteen years | B．Ten years | C．Eight years | D．Thirty-six years |
Eilzabeth Blackwell spent most of her lift in _______.
| A．the United States | B．Paris | C．England | D．New York City |
Wearing seat belt is，of course，the first step to safe driving．These additional measures might also save your life.
Count to three．Keeping up enough space between your car and others is extreme1y necessary．Jim Clark，a California driving instructor，suggests a least amount of three seconds’following distance．To figure this，pick an object on the roadside ahead．When the car in front of you passes it，start counting one-thousand-one,one-thousand-two，one-thousand-three．If you get to that object before you reach one-thousand-three，you don’t have three seconds of following time --- time needed to keep away from accidents．
Let followers pass．“If someone’s driving after you，get out of his way，”Clark advises．“You’re better of being safe than right．”
Expect the worst．In a study，the Federal Highway Administration(联邦公路局)found that 68 percent of drivers do not come to a complete stop at stop signs．When you’re driving and see someone come near to a stop sing，assume the person’s not going to stop．
And when you stop at a crossing and another car comes near with its turn signal on，don’t take it true that the driver will turn．Instead，wait until he turns．He may have had the signal on for miles．
Stay outside．In crowd，multilane(多车道) traffic，drive in either the outside--left or outside--right lane．“That allows you somewhere to go if a problem develops,”traffic expert Francis Kenel says．“If you’re in the middle，all you can do is to pause from time to time．”According to the text if you want to drive safely you should．
| A．wear seat belt | B．take some additional measures |
| C．at least take 5 steps | D．count to three |
When you finish counting“one-thousand-three",you have．
| A．driven one thousand and three metres | B．kept three seconds’distance from other cars |
| C．counted a lot of numbers | D．kept a long distance from the object |
What does the underlined word“assume”in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
| A．Maybe． | B．Guess． | C．Ask． | D．Suppose． |
Mr．Kenel tells us while driving in multilane traffic_______.
| A．we’d better find somewhere to go |
| B．it will be better for us to drive in the outside lanes |
| C．it is safer to drive in the middle |
| D．we must drive on the left |
Since we are social beings，the quality of our lives depends in a large measure on our interpersonal relationships．One strength of the human condition is our possibility to give and receive support from one another under stressful(有压力的)conditions．Social support makes up of the exchange of resources among people based on their interpersonal ties．Those of us with strong support systems appear better able to deal with major life changes and daily problems．People with strong social ties live longer and have better health than those without such ties．Studies over types of illnesses，from depression to heart disease，show that the presence of social support helps people defend themselves against illness，and the absence of such support makes poor health more likely．
Social support cushions stress in a number of ways．First，friends，relatives and co-workers may let us know that they value us．Our self-respect is stengthened when we feel accepted by others in spite of our faults and difficulties．Second，other people often provide us with informational support．They help us to define and understand our problems and find solutions to them．Third．we typically find social companionship supportive．Taking part in free-time activities with others helps us to meet our social needs while at the same time distracting(转移注意力)us f rom our worries and troubles．Finally，other people may give us instrumental support--money aid，material resources，and needed services--that reduces stress by helping us resolve and deal with our problems．What does the word“cushions”mean?
| A．gets rid of | B．makes up of | C．takes place of | D．lessens the effect of |
The researches show that people’s physical and mental health_____.
| A．depends on their ability to deal with daily werries and troubles |
| B．is related to their courage for dealing with major life changes |
| C．lies in the social medical care systems which support them |
| D．has much to do with the amount of support they get from others |
Helping a sick neighbor with some repair work in spare time is an example of_____.
| A．informational support | B．social companionship |
| C．the strengthening of self-respect | D．instrumental support |
Why are interpersonal relationships important?
| A．They can cure types of illnesses． | B．They can deal with life changes． |
| C．they can smooth away daily problems． | D．They can make people live more easily． |
Perhaps the most astonishing theory to come out of kinetics，the study of body movement,was suggested by Professor Ray Birdwhistell.He believes that physical appearance Is often culturally programmed.In other words,we learn our looks;we are not born with them.
A baby generally unformed facial features.A baby,according to Birdwhistell,learns where to set the eyebrows by looking at those around family and friends．This helps explain why the people of some regions of the United States look so much lilke．New Englanders or Southerners have certain common facial characteristics that cannot be explained by genetics(遗传学)．The exact shape of the mouth is not set at birth,it is learned later．In fact，the final mouth shape is not formed until well after permanent(永久的)teeth are set．For many，this can be well into adolescence(青春期)．A husband and wife together for a long time often come to look somewhat alike．We learn our looks from those around us. This is perhaps why in a single country there are areas where people smile more than those in other areas．In the United States，for example，the South is the part of the country where the people smile most frequently．In New England they smile less，and in the western part of New York State still less．Many Southerners find cities such as New York cold and unfriendly，partly because people on Madison Avenue smile less than people on Peach Tree Street jn Atlanta，Georgia．People in densely(稠密地)populated urban areas also tend to smile and greet each other in public less than people in rural areas and small towns．The passage might be taken out of a book dealing with______
| A．physics | B．health | C．chemistry | D．body movement |
Ray Birdwhistell believes that physical appearance_______．
| A．has little to do with culture | B．is decided by our parents |
| C．can be infiuenced by culture | D．varies from place to place |
Ray Birdwhistell can tell what region of the United States a person is from by .
| A．the way he or she talks | B．how he or she raises his or her eyebrows |
| C．what he or she likes best | D．how much he or she laughs |
According to the passage，people who live_______are more friendly.
| A．in the north | B．in the country |
| C．in New York City | D．in densely populated areas |
Very old people do raise moral problems for almost everyone who comes into touch with them.Their values---this can not be repeated too often--aren’t necessarily our values.Physical comfort,cleanness and order are not necessarily the most important things.The social services from time to time find themselves faced with a room with rotten food covered by small worms,and an old person lying alone on bed,taking no notice of the worms.But is it interrupting personal freedom to insist that they go to live with some of their relatives so that they might be taken better care of? Some social workers,the ones who clear up the worms,think we’re in danger of carrying this idea of personal freedom to the point where serious risks(冒险)are being taken with the health and safety of the old.
Indeed,the old can be easily hurt or harmed.The old is like a car: it needs more mechanical repair as it gets older.You can carry this comparison right through to provision of spare parts.But never forget that such operations are painful experiences,however good the results are.And at what point should you stop to treat the old body?Is it morally right to try to push off death by continuing the development of medicine to excite the forgetful old mind and to make the old body active,knowing that it is designed to die?You cannot ask doctors or scientists to decide,because so long as they can see the technical chances,they will feel it necessary to give them a try,by the rule that while there’s life,there’s hope.
Talking to the old,however,you’re forced to the conclusion that whether age is happy or unpleasant depends less on money or health than it does on your ability to have fun.After reading Paragraph 1，we learn that____.
| A．very old people are able to keep their living places very clean |
| B．old people enjoy living alone so as to have more personal freedom |
| C．every old people enjoy living with their relatives |
| D．social services have nothing to do with very old people |
Some social workers think that_____．
| A．old people should keep their living places clean |
| B．one should not take risk dealing with old people |
| C．health and safety are more important than personal freedom |
| D．personal freedom is more important than health and safety |
In Paragraph 3，the underlined word“it”refers to____．
| A．one’s memory or health |
| B．the conclusion you have come to |
| C．whether age is happy or unpleasant |
| D．your talk to the old people |
The writer of this passage thinks that_______．
| A．it is always morally right to treat old people and push off death |
| B．the opinion that we should try every means possible to save old people is uncertain |
| C．old people can enjoy a happy life only if they are very rich |
| D．medical decisions for old people should be left to the doctors |
Transportation and communication networks bring people together．Yet sometimes people themselves create barriers(障碍)to transportation and communication．
In some countries，laws stop people from moving freely from place to place．Over the centuries，many groups of people have been denied the freedom to travel because of their race，religion，or nationality．In the Middle Ages，for example，Jews were often forbidden to move about freely within certain cities．South Africa’s government used to require black Africans to carry passes when they travel within the country．Some governments require all citizens to carry identification papers and to report to government officials whenever they move．
Countries set up customs posts at their borders．Foreign travellers must go through a customs inspection before they are allowed to travel in the country．Usually travellers have to carry special papers such as passports and visas(签证)．Some countries even limit the number of visitors to their country each year．Others allow tourists to visit only certain areas of the country，or they may require that travellers be with an official guide at all times during their stay．
Many of those barriers to travel also act as barriers to communication．When two governments disagree with each other on important matters，they usually do not want their citizens to exchange news or ideas freely．Countries often try to keep military or lndustrial information secret．
Today，people have the ability to travel，to communicate，and to transport goods more quickly and easily than ever before．Natural barriers that were difficult or dangerous to cross a hundred years ago can now be crossed easily．The barriers that people themselves make are not so easy to overcome．But in spite of all the different kinds of barriers，people continue to enjoy travel and the exchange of goods and ideas.Choose the best title for the passage．
| A．Progress of Human Society |
| B．Restrictions on Transportation |
| C．Functions of Communication |
| D．Barriers Made by People |
The author uses the examples in the second paragraph to tell people that_______.
| A．travellers have to carry special papers such as visas |
| B．customs posts are necessary at the borders of the countries |
| C．people have been allowed to travel freely within the country |
| D．people have not been permitted to travel freely for various reasons |
Why do some governments limit the freedom of communication?Because they______.
| A．intend to keep their national secrets unknown to others |
| B．think such freedom will lead to wars |
| C．often disagree with each other on important matters |
| D．want to show their authority over communication |
We may learn from the passage that_______.
| A．people do not care about the removal of barriers between countries |
| B．people can not remove the obstacles made by themselves |
| C．man-made barriers are sometimes harder to overcome than natural ones |
| D．barriers should be taken for granted as they always exist |