B
What happens inside the skull of a soccer player when repeatedly heads a soccer ball? That question motivated a challenging new study of the brains of experienced players that has caused discussion and debate among soccer players, and some anxiety among those of us with soccer-playing children.
For the study, researchers at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York selected 34 adults, men and women. All of the volunteers had played soccer since childhood and now competed year-round in adult soccer leagues. Each filled out a detailed questionnaire developed especially for this study to determine how many times they had headed a soccer ball in the previous year, as well as whether they had experienced any known concussions (脑震荡) in the past.
Then the players completed computerized tests of their memory and other learning skills and had their brains scanned, using a complicated new M.R.I. technique which can find structural changes in the brain that can’t be seen during most scans.
According to the data they presented at Radiological Society of North America meeting last month, the researchers found that the players who had headed the ball more than about 1,100 times in the previous 12 months showed significant loss of white matter in parts of their brains involved with memory, attention and the processing of visual information, compared with players who had headed the ball fewer times.
This pattern of white matter loss is “similar to those seen in traumatic (外伤的) brain injury”, like that after a serious concussion, the researchers reported, even though only one of these players was reported to have ever experienced a concussion.
The players who had headed the ball about 1,100 times or more in the past year were also generally worse at recalling lists of words read to them, forgetting or fumbling the words far more often than players who had headed the ball less. The passage is most probably a ________.
A.news report | B.research report |
C.story for soccer players | D.text for doctors |
In which way can researchers find the structural changes in the brain?
A.Computerized test | B.Questionnaire |
C.Scanning | D.M.R.I. technique |
From the passage we can conclude that frequent heading may have ________.
A.significant effect on brain | B.little effect on one’s brain |
C.nothing to do with the brain injury | D.one’s memory improved |
What is likely to be the cause of memory loss?
A.Playing soccer frequently | B.Tests of their memory |
C.White matter loss | D.Information processing |
The underlined word “fumbling” is closest in meaning to ________?
A.remembering | B.misunderstanding | C.recalling | D.missing |
Throughout the world, boys and girls prefer to play with different types of toys. Boys typically like to play with cars and trucks, while girls typically choose to play with dolls. Why is this? A traditional sociological explanation is that boys and girls are socialized and encouraged to play with different types of toys by their parents, peers, and the “society”. Growing scientific evidence suggests, however, that boys’ and girls’ toy preferences may have a biological origin.
In 2002, Gerianne M. Alexander of Texas A&M University and Melissa Hines of City University in London surprised the scientific world by showing that monkeys showed the same sex-typical toy preferences as humans. In the study, Alexander and Hines gave two masculine toys (a ball and a police car), two feminine toys (a soft doll and a cooking pot), and two neutral toys (a picture book and a stuffed dog) to 44 male and 44 female monkeys. They then assessed the monkeys’ preference for each toy by measuring how much time they spent with each. Their data showed that male monkeys showed significantly greater interest in the masculine toys, and the female monkeys showed significantly greater interest in the feminine toys. The two sexes did not differ in their preference for the neutral toys.
If children’ s toy preferences were largely formed by gender socialization, as traditional sociologists’ claim, in which their parents give “gender appropriate” toys to boys and girls, how can these male and female monkeys have the same preferences as boys and girls?They were never socialized by humans, and they had never seen these toys before in their lives.Traditional sociologists believe boys’ and girls’ toy preferences ________.
A.are passed down from their parents |
B.are largely formed in later life |
C.have nothing to do with gender socialization |
D.have a biological origin |
The study by Alexander and Hines shows that monkeys________.
A.also have a sex typical toy preference |
B.also play toys as humans do |
C.have no toy preferences |
D.like to play different toys at different time |
Alexander and Hines carried out the study to ________.
A.find more evidence for traditional sociology |
B.test the intelligence of monkeys |
C.test whether monkeys like to play toys |
D.find out why boys and girls prefer different toys |
According to the study, if given a stuffed dog, ________.
A.only the male monkeys showed interest |
B.the female monkeys showed more interest |
C.the male and female monkeys showed the same interest |
D.neither the male nor the female monkeys showed any interest |
On Oct4,2011 , I phone 4s made its international appearance at the press conference claimed by the Iphone cooperation . Ever since then , Iphone4s has become a hot cake and even made a fashion around the globe. Meanwhile , many new expressions come about in relationship with this type of high-tech products. “Jailbreak” is one of them.
“Jailbreak” means to unlock the operating system of a mobile phone or other device so that it can run software which it is not normally authorized to use because of restrictions imposed(实施) by the device's manufacturer.
If someone jailbreaks a smartphone, tablet computer or other device(设备), they use a special piece of software in order to remove the restrictions imposed by the manufacturer on the kind of applications that can be downloaded and run on the device. The concept of jailbreaking is most often associated with products from Apple Inc, such as the iPhone, iPod and iPad, which routinely restrict the user to applications licensed exclusively(独家地) by Apple and purchased via its App Store. As well as wanting to lift the restriction(解除限制) on what kinds of applications they can purchase, those who jailbreak often do so as a reaction against what they consider as a form of censorship(监控) imposed by Apple Inc in only allowing the use of their 'approved' apps.
The concept of jailbreaking dates back to July 2007, when it was applied to the iPhone within a month of the device's first release. This first occurrence related to the adding of custom ringtones(个性铃音), but the idea quickly developed as a means to lift the restriction and equip the phone with games and other applications not licensed by Apple Inc. “jailbreak” means that________________.
A.Criminals escape out of the jail |
B.People make a great breakthrough in their life |
C.It is a way to lift the restriction specially imposed by the Iphone manufacturer. |
D.It’s a breakthrough beyond one’s dream. |
Which is probably the correct Chinese meaning of a hot cake?
A.热蛋糕 | B.抢手货 | C.热门话题 | D.最高礼遇 |
Which one is the correct statement from this passage?
A.The original mobile phones also require jailbreaking |
B.People jailbreak not only in order to lift the restrictions of applications licensed by the Iphone Cooperation. |
C.The concept of jailbreak is seldom associated with products from Apple Inc |
D.The concept of jailbreak dates back to the twentieth century |
Love is a telephone which always keeps silent when you are longing for a call, but rings when you are not ready for it. As a result, we often miss the sweetness from the other end.
Love is a telephone which is seldom program-controlled or directly dialed. You cannot get an immediate answer by a mere "hello", let alone go deep into your lover's heart by one call. Usually it had to be relayed by an operator, and you have to be patient in waiting. Destiny(命运) is the operator of this phone, who is always irresponsible and fond of playing practical jokes to which she may make you a lifelong victim intentionally or unintentionally.
Love is a telephone which is always busy, When you are ready to die for love, you only find, to your disappointment, the line is already occupied by someone else, and you are greeted only by a busy line. This is an eternal regret handed down from generation to generation and you are only one of those who languish for(因…受煎熬) followers.
Love is telephone, but it is difficult to seize the center time for dialing, and you will let the opportunity slip if your call is either too early or too late.
Love is a telephone which is not always associated with happiness. Honeyed words are transmitted by sound waves, but when the lovers are brought together, the phone serves no purpose that many lovers observe that marriage is the doom of love.
Love is a telephone which, when you use it for the first time, makes you so nervous and excited that you either hold the receiver upside down or dial the wrong number. By the time you've calmed down, you will beat a loss to whom you should make the call.
Love is a telephone which often has crossed lines. And this usually happens to you unexpectedly. Your time will either cross or be crossed. Both cases are referred to as "triangle". Fortunately, all such occurrences are transient(转瞬即逝的).What is the best title of the passage?
A.Love is transient |
B.Love is permanent |
C.Love is a telephone |
D.What’s love in life |
Which statement has the closest meaning to the underlined sentence?
A."all shall be well,Jack shall have Jill。“(有情人终成眷属) |
B.A lifelong love is not only romantic but also practical |
C.Love is all we have in life |
D.Beauty is in the eyes of beholder |
Which is the synonym with the underlined word ”doom”?
A.monument | B.final end | C.key point | D.substitute |
In which part can this passage probably be found ?
A.advertisement | B.financial | C.emotion | D.lottery |
“Global warming could make humans shorter,” warn scientists who claim to have found evidence that it caused the world's first horses to shrink(收缩) nearly 50 million years ago. In fact, a team from the universities of Florida and Nebraska says it has found a link between the Earth heating up and the size of mammals – horses, in this case.
The scientists used fossils to follow the evolution of horses from their earliest appearance 56 million years ago. As temperature went up,their size went down, and vice versa(反之亦然);“ At one point they were as small as a house cat,” said Dr Jonathan Bloch, curator(博物馆长) of the Florida Museum of Natural History, which was quoted by the "Daily Mail" as saying.
The scientists say that the current warming could have the same effect on mammals and could even make humans smaller."Horses started out small, about the size of a small dog . What's surprising is that after they first appeared, they then became even smaller and then dramatically increased in size, and that exactly corresponds to the global warming event, followed by cooling”
"It had been known that mammals were small during that time and that it was warm, but we hadn't realized that temperature specifically was driving the evolution of body size," Dr Bloch said in the "Science" journal.How did scientists find out the horses’ earliest appearance millions of years ago?
A.searching the data on the net |
B.sorting through the pictures of ancient times |
C.using fossils to follow the evolution |
D.analyzing the related images |
What can we infer form the passage?
A.As temperatures went up, horses dramatically increased in size |
B.The temperature has no effect on mammals’ evolution |
C.As temperatures went up, horses’ size went down |
D.In history, it used to be warm at early times , followed by a certain period of sharply cooling down. |
Which is the most closest meaning to the underlined words most probably mean _______.
A.react to | B. be contradictory to |
C.be consistent with | D. differ from |
What is the best title of the passage?
A.Global warming is to disappear |
B.The temperature on earth is to decrease |
C.Global warming makes human shorter |
D.Mammals are dying out. |
People who are too happy die younger than their more downbeat(pessimistic) peers(同龄人), claims new research.
A study which followed children from the 1920s to old age showed that people who were rated 'highly cheerful' by teachers at school died younger than their more reserved classmates。
This was because people who were too happy were more likely to suffer from mental disorders such as bipolar, making them less fearful and more likely to take risks that increase the chance of having a fatal accident.
Being too cheerful - especially at inappropriate times - can also rouse anger in others, increasing the risk of a person coming to harm.
Researchers from a variety of universities worldwide also discovered that trying too hard to be happy often ended up leaving people feeling more depressed than before, as putting an effort into improving their mood often left people feeling cheated.
And magazine articles offering tips on how to be happy were also blamed for worsening depression.
One study saw participants asked to read an article offering ways to improve your mood, and follow one of the tips to see how effective it was.
Participants then took the advice offered - such as watching an upbeat film - often concentrated too hard on trying to improve their mood rather than letting it lift naturally。
This meant that by the time the film had ended, they often felt angry and cheated by the advice given, putting them in a far worse mood than when they had started watching.
However, results of the study, published in the journal Perspectives on Psychological Science, revealed that the key to true happiness was much more simple: meaningful relationships with friends and family members.
Study co-author Professor June Gruber, from the department of psychology at Yale University in the United States, said of people who actively tried to be happy: 'When you're doing it with the motivation or expectation that these things ought to make you happy, that can lead to disappointment and decreased happiness. '
'The strongest predictor of happiness is not money, or external recognition through success or fame. It's having meaningful social relationships.'
She added: 'That means the best way to increase your happiness is to stop worrying about being happy and instead divert your energy to nurturing the social bonds you have with other people.'People who are too happy die younger than their more downbeat(pessimistic) peers because________.
A.because they are more likely to suffer from mental disorders. |
B.because they have more chance of having traffic accidents. |
C.because they have meaningful social relationship. |
D.because they stop worry about being happy. |
What does the underlined word in Paragraph 2 mean?
A.happy | B.unwilling to show feelings | C.angry | D.narrow-minded |
The most important factor(因素) of true happiness is __________.
A.to have meaningful relationships with friends and family members. |
B.to stop worry about being happy. |
C.to devote your energy to developing the social bonds. |
D.to have feeling of success. |
Which of the following sentences is correct according to the passage?
A.magazine articles offering tips on how to be happy can help you reducing depression. |
B.trying too hard to be happy often leaves people feeling more depressed than before. |
C.When you're doing things with the motivation or expectation, that can lead to disappointment and decreased happiness. |
D.The strongest factor of happiness is external recognition through success. |