BERLIN（AP）Atigerescapeditsencl-优题课

“Oh please God, no, no!” Stephen Eldredge cried out when he saw his wife, Shelli, badly wounded on the side of the road. She had broken actually every long bone in her body, along with her pelvis, jaw, and cheekbones. He was terrified his bride would bleed to death.
Stephen and Shelli had married just six months before near their home in South Jordan, Utah. They were in Hawaii on a family vacation with two of their sons. The family had rented electric motors and headed towards a nature preserve near Waikiki. But Shelli had fallen behind and the family turned back to make sure she was okay.
Shelli lost so much blood that her heart couldn’t function properly and she went into shock at the hospital. Physicians were able to make her come to herself. On the first and second days there, she lived through half a dozen operations. On day three, the worst of Stephen’s fears came true. Shelli didn’t wake. She had shown heart failure and lung failure. “I thought every heartbeat would be her last,” Stephen says.
As days passed with no change, one doctor gently asked if it was time to let Shelli go. An MRI（核磁共振）showed her brain didn’t have much chance of supporting life. Stephen couldn’t bear the thought of trapping his wife’s beautiful spirit in a body that would never work. If he kept her alive, what kind of life would she have ? He called family, religious leaders, and physician friends in Utah for guidance.
And he decided there still was a chance.
The family moved Shelli to a Utah hospital closer to home. In the next few weeks she started opening her eyes, but it wasn’t entirely clear how conscious she was. Nearly seven weeks after the accident, Stephen was joking with his sister in the hospital room when he saw Shelli smile, a big toothy grin. “Did you understand that?” he asked. She smiled again. Stephen fell to his knees in thanks.
Shelli’s recovery has been slow but steady. Initially, she couldn’t remember much of the previous months, including her own wedding. Shelli has endured 17 operations so far and may require more surgery. She will definitely need more months of recovery. But she is able to walk. “She’s got her life back. She’s able to love and be loved, and be the person she was.” Elovie says.
When Shelli hears about each step in her recovery, she calls it “miracle after miracle”. As for his experience, Stephen says, “This is a story of fear that was slowly replaced by faith.”
We learn from the first two paragraphs that .

A．Stephen and Shelli left home to hold the wedding ceremony.

B．Shelli was mainly wounded in the back

C．the couple were in Hawaii when the accident happened

D．the accident happened on their way to Waikiki

In the hospital room Shelli smiled for the first time after the accident because.

A．she liked people telling jokes.

B．she had remembered all that had happened

C．she was excited that she got her life back

D．she understood the joke being talked about

By saying “miracle after miracle”, Shelli means that .

A．she suffered what a terrible accident

B．she appreciated the care of her husband so much

C．the love for her family got her life back

D．it really surprised her that she survived so many operations

. After reading the passage, what impresses us most may be that.

A．Stephen’s not giving up	B．the doctor’s skill and hard work
C．Shelli’s bravery and persistence	D．the couple’s faith

Holiday Inns and McDonald’s. both saw unmatched growth in the 1960s. Their growth opened another direct business operation—franchising.
These operations have the same general pattern. The franchisor, the parent company, first establishes a successful retail business. As it expands, it sees a profit potential in offering others the right to open similar business under its name. The parent company’s methods and means of identification with consumers are included in this right. The parent company supplies skill, and may build and rent stores to franchisees. For these advantages the franchisee pays the franchisor a considerable fee. However, some of the advantages and disadvantages are different.
By extending a “proven” marketing method, a parent can profit in several ways. First, the franchisee’s purchase price gives the parent an immediate return on the plan. Then the sale of supplies to the franchisee provides a continuing source of profits. As new businesses are added and the company’s reputation spreads, the values of the franchise increases and sales of franchises become easier. The snowballing effect can be dramatic. Such growth, too, bring into play the economies of scale. Regional or national advertising that might be financially impossible for a franchisor with 20 franchises could be profitable for one with 40.
The parent, then, finds immediate gains from the opportunity to expand markets on the basis of reputation alone, without having to put up capital or take the risk of owning retail stores. Added to this advantage is a less obvious but material one, Skilled, responsible retail managers are rare. People who invest their capital in franchises, though, probably come closer to the ideal than do paid managers. In fact, the franchisee is an independent store operator working for the franchisor, but without an independent’s freedom to drop supplies at will. Of course the factory’s costs of selling supplies are less. But also certainly the franchisee buying goods that have had broad consumer acceptance will not casually change supplies, even when the contract permits. If the hamburger is not what the customer expected, they may not return. Having paid for the goodwill, the franchisee won’t thoughtlessly destroy it.
Franchising refers to a business operation in which a successful parent company .

A．sells name-brand goods to a private investor

B．rents proven ideas and techniques for investment

C．sells the right, the guidance to a business under its name

D．takes no advertising responsibility for individual investors

. The advantages of franchising to the parent company are all the following EXCEPT.

A．an immediate investment return

B．the profit from the sale of supplies

C．the ownership of additional retail stores

D．the possibility of profitable advertising

The passage mainly tells the reader .

A．the advantages and disadvantages of franchising

B．the benefits of franchising to the franchisor

C．the unmatched economic growth in the 1960’s

D．some regional and national business operation

. What will the author probably discuss after the last paragraph?

A．More advantages of franchising.

B．Negative aspects related to franchising.

C．The standard of consumer acceptance.

D．Risks of investment besides franchising

We are all interested in equality, but while some people try to protect the school and examination system in the name of equality, others, still in the name of equality, want only to destroy it.
Any society which is interested in equality of opportunity and standards of achievement must regularly test its pupils. The standards may be changed — no examination is perfect — but to have no tests or examination would mean the end of equality and of standards. There are groups of people who oppose this view and who do not believe either in examinations or in any controls in schools or on teachers. This would mean that everything would depend on luck since every pupil would depend on the efficiency the values and the purpose of each teacher.
Without examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to them — a form of favouritism will replace equality at the moment. The bright child from an ill-respected school can show certificates to prove he or she is suitable for a job, while the lack of certificate indicates the unsuitability of a dull child attending a well-respected school. This defense of excellence and opportunity would disappear if examinations were taken away, and the bright child from a poor family would be a prisoner of his or her school’s reputation, unable to compete for employment with the child from the favoured school.
The opponents of the examination system suggest that examinations are an evil force because they show differences between pupils. According to these people, there must be no special, different, academic class. They have even suggested that there should be no form of difference in sport or any other area: all jobs or posts should be filled by unsystematic selection. The selection would be made by people who themselves are probably selected by some computer.
The word “favouritism” in paragraph 3 is used to describe the phenomenon that .

A．bright children also need certificates to get satisfying jobs.

B．poor children with certificates are favoured in job markets.

C．children from well-respected schools tend to have good jobs.

D．children attending ordinary schools achieve great success.

. What would happen if examinations were taken away according to the author?

A．Schools for bright children would lose their reputation.

B．There would be more opportunities and excellence.

C．Children from poor families would be able to change their schools.

D．Children’s job opportunity would be affected by their school reputation.

. The opponents of the examination system will agree that .

A．jobs should not be assigned by systematic selection

B．computers should be selected to take over many jobs.

C．special classes are necessary to keep the school standards

D．schools with academic subjects should be done away with

. The passage mainly focuses on .

A．schools and certificates	B．examination and equality
C．opportunity and employment	D．standards and reputation

Grown-ups know that people and objects are solid. At the movies, we know that if we reach out to touch Tom Cruise, all we will feel is air. But does a baby have this understanding?
To see whether babies know objects are solid, T. Bower designed a method for projecting an optical illusion of a hanging ball. His plan was to first give babies a real ball, one they could reach out and touch, and then to show them the illusion. If they knew that objects are solid and they reached out for the illusion and found empty air, they could be expected to show surprise in their faces and movements. All the 16- to 24-week-old babies tested were surprised when they reached for the illusion and found that the ball was not there.
Grown-ups also have a sense of object permanence, We know that if we put a box in a room and lock the door, the box will still be there when we come back. But does a baby realize that a ball that rolls under a chair does not disappear and go to never-never land?
Experiments done by Bower suggest that babies develop a sense of object permanence when they are about 18 weeks old. In his experiments, Bower used a toy train that went behind a screen. When 16-week-old and 22-week-old babies watched the toy train disappear behind the left side of the screen, they looked to the right, expecting it to reappear. If the experimenter took the train off the table and lifted the screen, all the babies seemed surprised not to see the train. This seems to show that all the babies had a sense of object permanence. But the second part of the experiment showed that this was not really the case. The researcher substituted a ball for the train when it went behind the screen. The 22-week-old babies seemed surprised and looked back to the left side for the train. But the 16-week-old babies did not seem to notice the switch. Thus, the 16-week-old babies seem to have a sense of “something permanence,” while the 22-week-old babies had a sense of object permanence related to a particular object.
The passage is mainly about .

A．babies’ understanding of objects	B．effects of experiments on babies
C．babies’ sense of sight	D．different tests on babies’ feelings

In Paragraph 3, “object permanence” means that when out of sight, an object .

A．still exists

B．keeps its shape

C．still stays solid

D．is beyond reach

. What did Bower use in his experiments?

A．A chair.

B．A screen.

C．A film.

D．A box.

. Which of the following statements is true?

A．The babies didn’t have a sense of direction.

B．The older babies preferred toy trains to balls.

C．The younger babies liked looking for missing objects.

D．The babies couldn’t tell a ball from its optical illusion.

We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people think that craft no longer exists.
One of the ways these people wrongly support their view is by pointing to 100-year-old homes which are still solid, and arguing that it is the craftsmanship that is responsible for their durability. “Homes in those days were well-built,” they say. No doubt these homes were well-built, but what these people have done is mix up the quality of material used in the house with the quality of the craftsmanship.
Homes today could be built to last just as long as those old homes if people were willing or able to pay the price. For example, most people can no longer afford solid oak stairways, although they were once fairly common in older homes. Nor can they afford the high labor cost of employing a carpenter to build the stairway. Yet if someone can pay the high cost, there are still plenty of carpenters around able to make those stairways. And not only would these carpenters know how to build them, they would probably do a better job than carpenters of old.
One thing the modern carpenter has which enables him to do a better job is much more advanced tools. Such tools as laser beams and powerplanes help them lay out a house better and make more precision cuts on the wood. Also, it is not uncommon say more to find carpenters with college degrees and carpenters with a solid knowledge of mathematics, which would enable them to deal with more difficult house designs.
The problem of modern quality, then, really boils down to the problem of material, for the modern carpenter is just as able to produce craftsmanship as the carpenter of fifty years ago, but only if given proper material.
Compared to the carpenters in the past, modern carpenters are .

A．more successful	B．more learned
C．more imaginative	D．more hardworking

What does the underlined work “they” (paragraph 2) refer to?

A．Carpenters who are fond of oak stairways.

B．Carpenters who have college degrees.

C．People who think highly of carpenters of old.

D．People who think that modern material is of low quality.

What does the third paragraph mainly discuss?

A．People in the past preferred to use oak to build stairways.

B．It is now expensive to employ a carpenter.

C．Modern houses last as long as the old ones.

D．Good carpenters still exist in modern times.

What would be the best title for the text?

A．Is Craft Dead?	B．Craft, Back to Life?
C．History of Craftsmanship	D．Carpenters Today and Yesterday