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Every family with kids has seen its share of arguments, shouting and complaining. It turns out that all those conflicts serve an important purpose in the development of children . Saying “no” followed by a bad temper, just may be an unavoidable part of growing up. And that’s a good thing. These are the first steps toward independence. Even young children have to challenge their parents sometimes. Studies have shown the following:
·Although stressful, conflicts are beneficial for children.
·Learning to manage conflicts is necessary for a child’s development.
·Conflicts during the preschool years occur because children desire more attention than parents can or should give.
If you understand why conflicts occur, it can minimize the conflicts between you and your children. Conflict is a child’s attempt to develop a sense of self and how he or she learns to express his or her needs and ideas. Parents develop and drive this independence by putting children to the outside world both formally and informally.
Conflicts can grow out of a difference of opinion or might just be a way to blow off steam(发脾气). In rare situations, constant conflicts between parents and children can indicate a deeper emotional problem. Consult your doctor if this seems to be your situation.
It’s important to offer your child choices, which should be determined by age and developmental level. The more responsible a child is, the more choices he or she gets in reward. You can threaten your child with punishment, but often offering a choice will better improve angry situations. Consequences and rewards should have some meaning to your child.
Often a child’s adverse(敌对的)reaction when he or she hears the word “no” can be avoided by giving the child an explanation as to why you have refused his or her request.
The intended readers of this passage are .

A．parents

B．doctors

C．teachers

D．children

By saying "that's a good thing" in Paragraph 1, the author means .

A．children behave politely

B．children try being independent

C．parents control their feelings well

D．parents understand their children

If a 3-year-old boy challenges his parents angrily, according to studies, he may .

A．feel being overlooked by his parents.

B．get tired of being looked after by his parents.

C．want to stay with his parents at any time.

D．be blamed by his parents for his faults.

In most cases ,the conflicts between parents and their children .

A．lead to more misunderstandings

B．doesn't really mean a deep emotional problem

C．is an important choice

D．involve visiting doctors

What can be concluded from the passage?

A．Children understand what their parents think of clearly.

B．Children enjoy giving their opinions by conflicting with their parents.

C．Most parents would rather punish their children than reward them.

D．Communication can reduce conflicts between parents and children.

Animals can move from place to place, but plants cannot. When an animal is under attack, it can run away or fight back. Plants certainly cannot run away, and they lack teeth and claws. But plants can defend themselves by using both physical and chemical means.
Some plants have their own ways to keep animals away. For example, the leaves of the holly plant have sharp spines(刺) that discourage grass-eating animals. Holly leaves on lower branches have more spines than leaves on upper branches. This is because the lower leaves are easier for most animals to reach.
Some plants , such as the oak trees, have thick and hard leaves that are difficult for animals to eat. Some grasses may contain a sandy material; eating such grasses wears down the animal’s teeth.
Many plants also have chemical defenses. Some plants produce chemicals that taste bitter or cause an unpleasant reaction. Some plants may fight against an attack by increasing the production of these chemicals. When a caterpillar(毛虫)bites a tobacco leaf, the leaf produces a chemical messenger. This messenger sends to the roots the information to produce more nicotine. The higher levels of nicotine discourage the caterpillar.
Many plants depends on both physical and chemical defenses. A certain plant in China , for instance, has prickly(多刺的) leaves, and each prickle contains poisonous venom(毒液). A single experience with this kind of plant will teach an animal to stay away from it in the future.
The holly plant has more spines on the lower leaves because most animals .

A．can get the lower leaves easily	B．like eating the lower leaves
C．like leaves with sharp spines	D．have teeth and claws

To defend themselves , oak trees use .

A．chemical means	B．physical means
C．bitter chemicals	D．sandy materials

How does tobacco protect itself against an attack from a caterpillar?

A．Its leaves fight against the attack by physical means.

B．Its roots send a messenger to discourage the caterpillar.

C．Its roots increase the production of nicotine when it is attacked.

D．Its leaves produce poisonous sand to drive the caterpillar away.

What would be the best title for this passage?

A．Plants and Animals	B．How Plants Defend Themselves
C．Attacks and Defenses	D．How Animals Eat Plant Leaves

LONDON: The Edinburgh Festival, the biggest arts festival of its kind in the world, got under way in the Scotland capital on Sunday with a concert that included Hector Berlionz's To Deum, under the direction of Christoph von Dohnanyi.
The festival, which runs until August 31 this year, includes as its high points Peter Stein’s staging of Wagner’s Parsifal, with Claudio Abbado directing the Gustav Mahler youth orchestra. The concert programme includes American pianist Richard Goode, bass baritone Thomas Quasthoff and violinist Christian Tetzlaff. New to the programmes this year will be 25 late evening classical music concerts.
Earlier this month, the Edinburgh Fringe Festival, the largest show-case in the world for performance art, officially got under way with theatre, dance, poetry and music presentations.
Many of the fringe artists, who can enter the fringe festival upon payment of a small fee, were inspired this year by the event of September 11.
Thousands of people flock to Edinburgh from around the world during the festival, which is over 50 years old. It aims to promote and encourage arts and to reflect international culture. It consists of various dance, music, opera, and theatre presentation taking place across the city during the three-week run.
Who will perform in the concert on Sunday?

A．Hector Berlionz	B．Christoph von Dohnanyi
C．Claudio Abbado	D．Christian Tetzlaff

When did the Edinburgh Festival begin?

A．August 10.	B．August 15.
C．August 31.	D．September 11.

What did the Edinburgh Festival never have before?

A．Youth orchestra’s performances.

B．Poetry and music presentations.

C．Late evening classical music concerts.

D．Performances of American pianists and violinists.

Which of the following statements about the Edinburgh Festival is true?

A．It is the only festival of its kind in the world.

B．The artists who want to take part in the festival have to pay a small amount of money.

C．People who attend the festival are all from Scotland.

D．It is actually a dance festival.

People who have lost the ability to understand or use words due to brain damage are called aphasics(失语症患者). Such patients can be extremely good at something else. From the changing expressions on speakers’ faces and the tones of their voices, they can tell lies from truths.
Doctors studying the human brain have given a number of examples of this amazing power of aphasics. Some have even compared this power to that of a dog with an ability to find out the drugs hidden in the baggage.
Recently, scientists carried out tests to see if all that was said about aphasics was true. They studied a mixed group of people. Some were normal; others were aphasics. It was proved that the aphasics were far ahead of the normal people in recognizing false speeches — in most cases, the normal people were fooled by words, but the aphasics were not.
Some years ago, Dr. Oliver Sacks wrote in his book about his experiences with aphasics. He mentioned a particular case in a hospital. Some aphasics were watching the president giving a speech on TV. Since the president had been an actor earlier, making a good speech was no problem for him. He was trying to put his feelings into every word of his speech.
But his way of speaking had the opposite effect on the patients. They didn’t seem to believe him. Instead, they burst into laughter. The aphasics knew that the president did not mean a word of what he was saying. He was lying!
Many doctors see aphasics as people who are not completely normal because they lack the ability to understand words. However, according to Dr. Sacks, they are more gifted than normal people. Normal people may get carried away by words. Aphasics seem to understand human expressions better, though they cannot understand words.
What is so surprising about aphasics?

A．They can fool other people.

B．They can find out the hidden drugs.

C．They can tell whether people are lying.

D．They can understand language better.

How did the scientists study aphasics?

A．By asking them to watch TV together.

B．By comparing them with normal people.

C．By organizing them into acting groups.

D．By giving them chances to speak on TV.

What do we learn from this text?

A．People poor at one thing can be good at another.

B．What one says reflects how one feels.

C．Aphasics have richer feelings than others.

D．Normal people often tell lies in their speeches.

About twenty of us had been fortunate enough to receive invitations to a film-studio(影棚)to take part in a crowd-scene. Although our "act" would last only for a short time, we could see quite a number of interesting things.
We all stood at the far end of the studio as workmen prepared the scene, setting up trees at the edge of a winding path. Very soon, bright lights were turned on and the big movie-camera was wheeled into position. The director shouted something to the camera operator and then went to speak to the two famous actors nearby. Since it was hot in the studio, it came as a surprise to us to see one of the actors put on a heavy overcoat and start walking along the path. A big fan began blowing tiny white feathers down on him, and soon the trees were covered in "snow". Two more fans were turned on, and a "strong wind" blew through the trees. The picture looked so real that it made us feel cold.
The next scene was a complete contrast (对比). The way it was filmed was quite unusual. Pictures in front taken on an island in the Pacific were shown on a glass screen (幕). An actor and actress stood of the scene so that they looked as if they were at the water’s edge on an island. By a simple trick like this, palm trees, sandy beaches, and blue, clear skies had been brought into the studio!
Since it was our turn next, we were left wondering what scene would be prepared for us. For a full three minutes in our lives we would be experiencing the excitement of being film "stars"!
Who is the author?

A．A cameraman.

B．A film director.

C．A crowd-scene actor.

D．A workman for scene setting.

What made the author feel cold?

A．The heavy snowfall.	B．The man-made scene.
C．The low temperature.	D．The film being shown.

What would happen in the "three minutes" mentioned in the last paragraph?

A．A new scene would be filmed.

B．More stars would act in the film.

C．The author would leave the studio.

D．The next scene would be prepared.

A．Clifford’s Thanksgiving Visit	B．The Magic Tree House
C．Franklin’s Thanksgiving	D．The First Thanksgiving