According to new research,there could be a social hierarchy(等级)attached to where people stand in the lift.More senior men stand at the back,young men in the middle and women of all ages at the front.
Most people know that awkward feeling when you shuffle(拖着鞋走)into an elevator with other people and try not to make eye contact.
But new research suggests it may be down to a subconscious power struggle being played out as you make your way up or down.
A study found that people decide where they stand based on a micro social hierarchy,established within seconds of entering the lift.
Rebekah Rousi,a Ph.D.student in cognitive science,conducted all ethnographic study of elevator behaviour in two of the tallest office buildings in Adelaide,Australia.
As part of her research,she took a total of 30 lift rides in the two buildings,and discovered there was an established order to where people tended to stand.
In a blog for Ethnography Matters,she writes that more senior men seemed to direct themselves towards the back of the elevator cabins.
She said,“In front of them were younger men,and in front of them were women of all ages.”
She also noticed there was a difference in where people directed their gaze half way through the ride.
Men watched the monitors,looked in the side mirrors(in one building)to see themselves,and in the door mirrors(of the other building)to also watch others.
Women would watch the monitors and avoid eye contact with other users(unless in conversation)and the mirrors,she writes.
The doctorate student concluded it could be that people who are shyer stand toward the front,where they can’t see other passengers,whereas bolder people stand in the back,where they have a view of everyone else.According to the passage,where do women likes to stand in the lift?
| A.At the back. | B.At the front. |
| C.In the middle. | D.On the right. |
What causes people to feel uncomfortable when entering the an elevator?
| A.The manner people went into the lift. |
| B.The limited space in the lift. |
| C.The subconscious power struggle. |
| D.The micro social hierarchy. |
Why did Rebekah Rousi take 30 lift rides in buildings in Adelaide,Australia?
| A.To enjoy the tallest office building. |
| B.To make a study of elevator behavior. |
| C.To go to work there. |
| D.To experience the ride by elevator. |
Which of following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?
| A.Women are more attentive than men in the lift. |
| B.Both women and men like to watch the monitors in the lift. |
| C.The shyer you are,the more likely you are to stand at the back in the lift. |
| D.Why where you stand in the lift reflects your social status. |
Picasso,the famous Spanish painter,was born in 1881.His father was an art teacher.Picasso began to paint very early.He was admitted to the Royal Academy of Art at the age of 15.After 1900,he spent much time in Paris,living there to 1947,then he moved to the south of France.
Throughout his career,Picasso moved from style to style with ease.He practised sculpture illustrated books and also showed great interest in pottery design and other fields of art.
Picasso produced a great number of drawngs in his life.No later artist of the school of Paris has replaced him in international influence.
Picasso is generally considered to be the foremost figure in the 20th century French art.His paintings are now exhibited in leading European and American galleries.The main idea of the passage is_________.
| A.Picasso is considered to be the foremost figure in the 20th century French art |
| B.Picasso is a famous Spanish painter |
| C.Picasso spent much time in Paris,living there from 1940 to 1947 |
| D.Picasso’s life and art |
How long did he stay in Spain and France?
| A.15 years in Spain and 43 years in Paris. |
| B.15 years in Spain and the rest of life in Paris. |
| C.Over 19 years in Spain and the rest of life in Paris. |
| D.He didn’t stay so long in Paris. |
Picasso moved from style to style with ease.It seems _________.
| A.he did not like only one style |
| B.he changed his style without difficulty |
| C.he not only liked sculpture,but also liked pottery design |
| D.he showed great interest in other fields of art |
His paintings are now exhibited in leading European and American galleries,because _________.
| A.he was a Spanish artist |
| B.he was a French artist |
| C.he was famous in French art |
| D.he produced a great many wonderful drawings in different styles |
There are no exact differences between physics and other natural sciences because all sciences overlap(重叠).In general,however,physics is the scientific study of forces and qualities such as heat,light,sound,pressure,gravity and electricity,and the ways they affect other objects.
One major branch of physics deals with the states of matter—solids,liquids and gases and with their motions.The pioneer achievements of Galileo,Kepler and Newton dealt with solid masses of matter in motion.Such studies deal with forces acting on moving objects.It is the subject of mechanics and belongs to the branch of mechanics called dynamics,the study of matter in motion.This large topic includes not only the motions of stars and ping-pong balls but also the motions of the water pumped by a fire engine and those of the air passing through the jet engine of an airplane.
A branch of mechanics is statics(静力学),the study of matter at rest.The designs of buildings and bridges are examples of problems in statics.Other branches of physics are based on the different kinds of energy,which interact with matter.They deal with electricity and magnetism(磁力),heat,light,and sound.From these branches of physics scientists find clues(线索) which have revealed(揭示) the constructions of atoms and how the atoms react to various kinds of energy. This knowledge is often called the basis of modern physics.Among the many subdivisions(细的分支)of modern physics are electronics and nuclear physics.Physics is closely related to engineering.A person who uses knowledge of physics in solving everyday problems is often called an engineer.For example,electricity is one of the branches of physics;and an electrical engineer is a man who uses the “natural laws” of electricity to help in designing and electric generator(电动机).Physics is not exactly different from other natural sciences because_________.
| A.physics and other natural sciences have parts in common |
| B.it is the scientific study of forces and qualities such as heat,light and sound |
| C.it studies the ways in which forces and qualities affect other objects |
| D.it is a part of other natural sciences |
The following statements are included in the study of dynamics except_________.
| A.the design and construction of skyscrapers |
| B.the motions of heavenly bodies |
| C.the motions of water pumped by a fire engine |
| D.the motions of the air passing through the jet engine of an airplane |
Among many branches of modern physics is _________.
| A.states | B.electricity | C.electronics | D.mechanics |
This knowledge” in Paragraph Three refers to_________.
| A.electricity and magnetism,light and sound |
| B.the construction of atoms and their reactions to various kinds of energy |
| C.the basis of modern physics |
| D.electronics and nuclear physics |
Ted Shreds doesn't like cars.He wants people to stop driving because cars make the air dirty.Ted had an idea.He said,“I'm going to cycle around North America.I want to show everyone that cycling is a fun way to get around.If more people ride bikes,the air will be cleaner.”
He left his hometown with $160 in his pocket.When he got to San Diego,he met another cyclist.The cyclist invited Ted to speak at a big meeting about the environment.He said,“We'll pay your airfare to Texas and we'll pay you to talk about your cycling trip.”Two hours late,Ted was on a plane to the environmental conference and to a big surprise!
While he was at the conference,he met Deanna,it was love at first sight!They talked for six hours straight.
The next day,Ted called Deanna and asked her to finish the trip with him.Deanna said yes,sold everything in her apartment,gave her notice at work,and was on the road with Ted 20 days later!
“It was difficult at first,”said Deanna.“Ted got up every morning at 6:00 a.m.,but I wanted to sleep until noon.”After a few days,they started having fun.As they cycled from Florida to Montreal and then back to Vancouver,every day was an adventure.People paid for their food in restaurants and gave them extra money.Some people gave them $50 or $100.They slept in people's backyards and drank beer with motorcycle gangs.
On their way back to Vancouver,they stopped in Edmonton to visit Ted's relatives.During the stopover,they got married.People tied a “Just Married” sign and tin cans to the backs of their bikes.They got married.They now want to write a book about their trip.“We want people to know that you can be an environmentalist and still have fun,”Shreds said.Ted Shreds went cycling because_________.
| A.he loves adventure |
| B.cycling is a lot of fun |
| C.he wanted to find himself a wife |
| D.he supports environmental protection |
Ted got paid for_________.
| A.giving a talk about his cycling trip | B.cycling throughout North America |
| C.traveling around North America by air | D.attending conferences on cycling |
The “big surprise” he had at the conference was that _________.
| A.he met another cyclist who wanted to join him |
| B.he fell in love with a girl there |
| C.he gave a long talk lasting 6 hours |
| D.he had a lot of fun talking about his cycling trip |
During the trip,Ted and Deanna_________.
| A.found it hard to get up early |
| B.were attacked by motorcycle gangs |
| C.did not have to pay for their meals in restaurants |
| D.decided to get married |
How many coins have you got in your pocket right now?Three?Two?Or one?With a phonecard you can make up to 200 calls without any change at all.
1.What do you do with it?
Go to a telephone box marked “Phonecard”.Put in your card,make your call and when you've finished,a screen tells you how much is left on your card.It costs no extra for the cards,and the calls cast 10 per unit,the same as any other payphone call.You can put them in units of 10,20,40,100 or 200.
2.Now appearing in a shop near you
Near each card phone place you'll find a shop where you can buy one.They're at bus,train and city tube stations.Many universities,hospitals and clubs,restaurants and gas stations on the highway and shopping centers.At airports and seaports.
3.No more broken payphones
Most broken payphones are like that they've been vandalized(破坏了的).There are no coins in Cardphone to excite thieves' interest in it.So you're not probably to find a vandalized one.Get a phonecard yourself and try it out.Or get a bigger wallet.There are three sections in the passage.Which section do you think is about why phonecards are good?
| A.Section 1. | B.Section 2. | C.Section 3. | D.Section 1&2. |
Choose the right order of the steps under“How to use a phonecard”.
a.Put in your phonecard.
b.Look at the screen to find out how many calls you can still make.
c.Go to a telephone box marked “Phonecard”.
d.Make your call.
| A.a,b,c,d | B.c,a,d,b | C.a,d,c,b | D.c,d,a,b |
The last sentence “Or get a bigger wallet”means“_________”.
| A.Phonecards are cheap |
| B.You cannot use all payphones |
| C.Thieves will not break card phones |
| D.People do not like carrying a lot of coins |
Bill Clinton was born on Aug.19,1946.Three months before his birth,his father had died when driving home to his pregnant wife,Virginia,he went off a high way,was thrown from the car and drowned in a river.
When Bill was 4,his mother remarried Roger Clinton.And there were always troubles:a sometimes voilent,alcoholic stepfather and a half-brother.Only one year after the marriage,the drunken stepfather fired a shotgun at the ceiling to keep his bride and stepson from leaving the house.Virginia was very much frightened.So Roger Clinton beat Virginia from time to time.But teenager Clinton played a role of protector of his mother bravely.The stepfater never laid another band on Virginia.
In high school,he was very good at Latin and maths.He also played saxophone in the hand.At age 16,as a member of a youth group,Clinton met President John F.Kennedy at the White House,it led him to the life of public service.Once he set his mind to do something,he did not give up.He was elected governor of Arkansas at the age of 32.
Clinton has said he ran for president to make the country a better place for people like Chelsea,his daughter.He did win.At the age of 46,he became the third youngest president in the nation's history.When this passage was published,Clinton was_________.
A.governor of Arkansas B.a famous professor
C.President of U.S.A. D.President of a universityClinton's own father died_________.
| A.before Clinton was born |
| B.after Clinton was born |
| C.from drinking too much brandy |
| D.when Clinton's mother was giving birth |
Clinton protected his mother by_________.
| A.fighting against his stepfather |
| B.beating his stepfather |
| C.having long talks with his stepfather |
| D.the means we don't know |
The word “it” in “It led him to the life of public service”refers to_________.
| A.Clinton's high school education |
| B.becoming a member of a youth group |
| C.Clinton's visiting President Kennedy |
| D.doing public service |