Drinking eight cups or two litres of water a day is longstanding advice. But is there any scientific basis for it, asks Dr Chris van Tulleken.
You know those ads that remind us that even a small drop in hydration（水合作用） levels can massively affect performance so you need to keep hydrated with whatever brand of super drink they're selling?
They seem pretty scientific don't they? Man in white coat, athlete with electrodes attached and so on. And it's not a hard sell because drinking feels right - you're hot and sweating so surely replacing that fluid must be beneficial.
Well earlier this year sports scientists in Australia did an extraordinary experiment that had never been done before.This group wanted to find out what happened to performance after dehydration. So they took a group of cyclists and exercised them until they lost 3% of their total body weight in sweat.
Then their performance was assessed after rehydration with either 1) nothing, 2) enough water to bring them back to 2% dehydration or 3) after full rehydration.
So far nothing unusual, but the difference between this and almost every other study that's ever been done on hydration was that the cyclists were blind to how much water they got. The fluid was given intravenously without them knowing the volume.
This is vital because we all, and especially athletes, have such an intimate(密切的)psychological relationship with water consumption.
Remarkably, there was no performance difference between those that were fully rehydrated and those that got nothing. This study was part of a growing movement to "drink to thirst" which hopes to persuade athletes not to over hydrate with the potentially fatal consequence of diluting your sodium level, causing hyponatraemia.
Perhaps the result shouldn't be so surprising. Humans evolved doing intense exercise in extreme heat and dryness. We are able to tolerate losses in water relatively well whereas even slight over hydration can be far more dangerous. In simple terms, being too watery is as bad for you as being too concentrated. What’s the main idea of the passage?
| A．There is no scientific basis for drinking eight cups of water a day |
| B．People used to drink eight cups of water a day |
| C．An experiment about whether people should drink eight cups of water. |
| D．People shouldn’t believe longstanding advice. |
what does the word“dehydration ”in paragragh 4 mean？
| A．doing exercise | B．losing water |
| C．drinking water | D．having a rest |
What is NOT TRUE according to the passage?
| A．Drinking too much water is bad for us |
| B．Sports scientists in Australia did an extraordinary experiment for the first time. |
| C．Those that were fully rehydrated and those that got nothing performed differently. |
| D．The cyclists didn’t know how much water they got. |
What can we learn from the last paragragh?
| A．Humans can bear losing water relatively well |
| B．It’s dangerous to drink water. |
| C．Athletes should drink more water than others. |
| D．This study was part of a growing movement to "drink to thirst". |
what is Dr Chris van Tulleken’s attitude towards the. longstanding advice？
| A．positive | B．doubtful | C．supportive | D．indifferent |
If you go into the woods with your friends, stay with them. If you don’t, you may get lost. If you do get lost, this is what you should do.
Sit down and stay where you are. Don’t try to find your friends — let them find you. You can help them to find you by staying in one place. There is another way to help your friends or other people nearby to find you. Give them a signal by shouting or whistling three times. Stop. Then shout or whistle three times again. Any signal given three times is a call for help. You will be helped by others. Keep up the shouting or whistling, always three times together. When people hear you, they will know that you are not just making noise for fun. They will let you know they have heard your signal. They will give two shouts, two whistles or two gunshots. When a signal is given twice, it is an answer to a call for help.
If you don’t think that you will get help before night comes, try to make a little house and cover up the holes with branches with lots of leaves and grass.
What should you do if you get hungry or need to drink some water? You should have to leave your little branch house to look for a brook. Don’t just walk away. Pick off small branches and drop them as you walk so that you can find your way back. The most important thing to do when you are lost is — stay in one place.How do you let people believe that you are not just making noise for fun?
| A．Stop now and then. |
| B．Go on shouting or whistling. |
| C．Shout over and over at the top of voice |
| D．Shout or whistle three times once a while. |
If nobody answers you after your signal, what should you do then?
| A．Give two gunshots. | B．Shout louder. |
| C．Stop shouting. | D．Make a house. |
If you feel thirsty when you are lost in the forest, what should you do?
| A．Go and find a brook. |
| B．Light a fire and make yourself some tea． |
| C．Go to find a brook and leave marks behind you. |
| D．Find something to hold the water. |
What’s the best title for the passage?
| A．What Do Three Shots And Two Shots Mean In A Forest |
| B．How To Find Your Friends When You Are Lost In The Woods |
| C．What To Do If You Get Lost In A Forest |
| D．The Most Important Thing To Do Is To Stay In One Place |
There was once a professor of medicine, who was very strict with the students. Whenever he took the chair on the exam committee(担任考试委员会主席), the students would be in fear, because he was seldom pleased with the answers they gave. A student would be lucky enough if he or she could receive a good mark from him. At the end of the term, the students of medicine would take their exam again. Now a student entered the exam room and got seated before the committee. This student was a little nervous as he knew it would not be so easy to get through the exam at all.
The professor began to ask. The student was required to describe a certain illness, his description of which turned out to be OK.
Then the professor asked about the cure (药剂) for illness, and the student, too, answered just as right.
“Good,” said the professor, “and how much will you give the patient?”
“A full spoon”, answered the student.
“Now you may go out and wait for what you can get.” said the professor. At the same time, the committee discussed carefully the answers the student had given. Suddenly the student noticed that there was something wrong with his last answer. “A full spoon is too much,” he thought to himself. Anxiously he opened the door of the room and cried, “Mr Professor, I’ve made a mistake! A full spoon is too much for a patient. He can take only five drops.”
“I’m sorry, sir.” said the professor coldly, “But it’s too late. Your patient has died.”The students were afraid of the professor because_________.
| A．they often angered and disappointed him |
| B．he often misunderstood them and give them bad markers |
| C．their answers often astonished him |
| D．their answers seldom satisfied him |
Before he left the room the student was almost sure that ______.
| A．his last answer was satisfying |
| B．he had passed the exam, and the only thing was to wait for the mark |
| C．he had made a mistake |
| D．he had not done well in the exam |
Which of the following is Not true?
| A．The patient will be in danger if he’s taken as much as a full spoon. |
| B．The doctor will be in trouble if he’s given the patient a full spoon. |
| C．Since one spoon is less than five drops, the patient will be all right soon if he takes only one full spoon at a time. |
| D．If the patient wants to remain safe, he should take no more than five drops at a time. |
Cafe Hub
Next to the Castle lies The Hub, home of the Edinburgh International Festival and one of the most talked about spots in town. Our cafe is open every day for mouth-watering lunches, snacks and fine dining. Come in and enjoy the atmosphere of The Hub or watch the world go by from our beautiful terrace(阳台).
The Hub, Castlehill, Royal Mile, Edinburgh.
Open every day from 9: 30 a.m. till late.
Tel: 0131173 2067 www. thehub-edinburgh.com
Farm World
Enjoy being “A Farmer for a Day”. Join in delivering and feeding our spring babies—bottle feeding sessions twice daily. Fun for all family. Horse Rides, BMX Bikes Cross Country Course. Tractor Ride through 600 acres, New Adventure Playground, Nature Trails. Full details on website.
Open: May—October Wednesdays to Saturdays and daily during school holidays 11 a.m. —5 p.m.
Tel: 01797 260256/260321 www.farmworldrye.co.uk
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Your challenge will be to build a team and develop a multimedia presentation in English-based on one of three different topics. You can register(登记报名) between May 1 and June 15 and will have to turn in your entry before September 15.
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For further information and registration forms, go to：www.siemens. com/join.multimedia.You can visit Farm World ________.
| A．on Monday in May |
| B．any day in October |
| C．at 2 p.m. during the summer holidays |
| D．at 10:30 a.m. during school holidays |
From the advertisements above, we can learn that ________.
| A．Cafe Hub is a popular place in the local area |
| B．families can enjoy Horse Rides on New Adventure Playground |
| C．Farm World provides lunches, snacks and fine dining |
| D．the Europe-wide student competition will be held on June 15 |
You’ll have to register first if you want ________ .
| A．to enjoy delicious food |
| B．to try Tractor Ride through 600 acres |
| C．to enter the Europe-wide student competition |
| D．to watch the world go by from the beautiful terrace |
According to the passage, there will be ____ rewards for the Europe-wide student competition.
| A．one | B．two | C．three | D．four |
One hot night last July, when our new baby wouldn’t or couldn’t sleep, I tried everything I could think of ---a warm bottle, songs gentle rocking. Nothing would settle him. Guessing that I had a long night ahead of me, I brought a portable TV into his room, figuring that watching the late movie was as good a way as any to kill of the hours till dawn. To my surprise, as soon as the TV lit up, the baby quieted right down, his little eyes focused brightly on the tube. Not to waste an opportunity for sleep, I then tiptoed out of the room, leaving him to watch the actors celebrate John Bellushi's forty-fifth birthday.
My wife and I heard none of the baby that night, and the next morning when I went into his room, I found him still watching TV himself.
I found in my baby's behavior a symbol of the new generation. My wife and I had given him some books to examine, but he merely spit upon them. When we read to him, he did not feel comfortable. And so it is in the schools. We find that our students don't read and they look down upon reading and scold those of us who teach it. All they want to do is watch TV. After this experience with the baby, however, I have reached a conclusion: “Let them watch it!” If television is that much more attractive to children than books, why should we fight about it? Let them watch it all they want!Why did the author bring a TV set into his son's room?
| A．To make his son keep quiet. |
| B．To spend the night by watching TV programs. |
| C．In order not to let his son feel lonely. |
| D．To make his son go to sleep as soon as possible. |
The baby's reaction to the TV program was _______ .
| A．unexpected | B．encouraging |
| C．exciting | D．nervous |
From this passage we know that the author is .
| A．a doctor | B．a reporter |
| C．an editor | D．a teacher |
Everyone needs friends. We all like to feel close to someone. It is nice to have a friend to talk, to laugh, and to do things with. Surely, there are times when we need to be alone. We don't always want people around. But we would feel lonely if we never had a friend.
No two people are the same. Sometimes friends don't get along well. That doesn't mean they no longer like each other. Most of the time they will go on being friends. Sometimes friends move away. Then we feel very sad. We miss them very much. But we can call them and write to them. It could be that we would never see them again. And we can make new friends. It is surprising to find out how much we like new people when we get to know them.
Families sometimes name their children after a close friend. Many places are named after men and women who have been friendly to people in a town. Some libraries are named this way. So are some schools. We think of these people when we go to these places. When we have friends, we will be very happy. Being happy helps us stay well. Or it could be just knowing that someone cares. If someone cares about us, we take better care of ourselves.If we have no friends we feel _____.
| A．alone | B．lonely | C．happy | D．well |
We need to be alone, with no others around us.
| A．sometimes | B．always | C．never | D．no longer |
Sometimes friends don't get along well, that means ．
| A．they don’t miss each other |
| B．they don’t call each other |
| C．they no longer like each other |
| D．they have differences at times |
Some places, libraries, or schools are men or women, because they were friendly or did good deed to people or the places．
| A．friendly to | B．close to |
| C．named after | D．thinking of |
The main idea of this passage is _____．
| A．that people are all friends |
| B．that people need friends |
| C．how to get to know friends |
| D．how to name a place |