Another cultural aspect of nonverbal communication is one that you might not think about: space. Every person perceives himself to have a sort of invisible shield surrounding his physical body. When someone comes too close, he feels uncomfortable. When he bumps onto someone, he feels obligated to apologize. But the size of a person’s “comfort zone” depends on his cultural ethnic origin. For example, in casual conversation, many Americans stand about four feet apart. In other words, they like to keep each other “at arm’s length”, people in Latin or Arab cultures, in contrast, stand very close to each other, and touch each other often. If someone from one of those cultures stands too close to an American while in conversation, the American may feel uncomfortable and back away.
When Americans are talking, they expect others to respond to what they are saying. To Americans, polite conversationalists empathize by displaying expressions of excitement or disgust, shock or sadness. People with a “poker face”, whose emotions are hidden by a deadpan expression, are looked upon with suspicion. Americans also indicate their attentiveness in a conversation by raising their eyebrows, nodding, smiling politely and maintaining good eye contact. Whereas some cultures view direct eye contact as impolite or threatening, Americans see it as a sign of genuineness and honesty. If a person doesn’t look you in the eye, American might say, you should question his motives—or assume that he doesn’t like you. Yet with all the concern for eye contact, Americans still consider staring—especially at strangers—to be rude. What the author discussed in the previous section is most probably about __________.
| A．classification of nonverbal communication |
| B．the reasons why people should think about space |
| C．the relationship between communication and space |
| D．some other cultural aspects of nonverbal communication |
How far people keep to each other while talking is closely associated with their ______.
| A．origin | B．culture | C．custom | D．nationality |
When an Italian talks to an Arabian on informal occasions, ______.
| A．he stands about four feet away |
| B．"comfort zone" does not exist |
| C．keeping close enough is preferred |
| D．communication barriers may emerge |
A "poker face" (Line 3, Para. 2) refers to a face which is ______.
| A．attentive | B．emotional |
| C．suspicious | D．expressionless |
In a conversation between friends, Americans regard it as sincere and truthful to ______.
| A．maintain direct eye contact |
| B．hide emotions with a deadpan expression |
| C．display excitement or disgust, shock or sadness |
| D．raise their eyebrows, nod and smile politely |
Americans use many expressions with the word “dog”. People in the United States love their dogs and treat them well. They take their dogs for walks, let them play outside and give them good food and medical care. How
ever, dogs without owners to care for lead a different kind of life. The expression “to lead a dog’s life” describes a person who has an unhappy existence.
Some people say we live in a dog-eat-dog world. That means many people are competing for the same things, like good jobs. They say that to be successful, a person has to work like a dog. This means they have to work very, very hard. Such hard work can make people dog-tired. And, the situation would be even worse if they became sick as a dog.
Still, people say every dog has its day. This means that every person enjoys a successful period during his or her life. To be successful, people often have to learn new skills. Yet, some people say that you can never teach an old dog new tricks. They believe that older people do not like to learn new things and will not change the way they do things.
People who are unkind or uncaring can be described as meaner than a junkyard dog. Junkyard dogs live in places where people throw away things they do not want. Mean dogs are often used to guard this property. They bark or attack people who try to enter the property. However, sometimes a person who appears to be mean and threatening is really not so bad. We say his bark is worse than his bite.
Doghouse provide shelter but they can be cold and lonely in the winter. Husbands and wives use this doghouse term when they are angry at each other. For example, a woman might get angry at her husband for coming home late or forgetting their wedding anniversary. She might tell him that he is in the doghouse. However, the husband may decide that it is best to leave things alone and not create more problems. He might decide to let sleeping dogs lie.
Dog expressions also are used to describe the weather. The dog days of summer are the hottest days of the year. A rainstorm may cool the weather. But we do not want it to rain too hard. We do not want it to rain cats and dogs.The passage tells us something about________.
| A．dogs and their life | B．the expressions that describe dogs |
| C．the meaning of expressions with the word “dog” | D．the structures of dog expressions |
By saying _______, we compare people to dogs in bad ways.
| A．“meaner than a junkyard dog” | B．“to work like a dog” |
| C．“teach an old dog new tricks” | D．“as sick as a dog” |
By saying ________, we mean every person enjoys a successful period in life.
| A．“he lives in a dog-eat-dog world” | B．“he leads a dog’s life” |
| C．“he is in the doghouse” | D．“every dog has its day” |
If we advise the others to leave things alone and not create more problems, we say_______.
| A．“become sick as a dog” | B．“rain cats and dogs” |
| C．“let sleeping dogs lie” | D．“stay in the doghouse” |
It has been really hot these days, as _______.
| A．it rains cats and dogs | B．we are having the dog days of summer |
| C．we’re leading a dog’s life | D．we’re in the dog’s house |
| Thursday, January 3 |
|
| Book a Librarian One-on-One Computer or Internet Training Session |
Location：Main Library Training Center(5th F1．) Address：100 Larkin St．(at Grove) Library Sponsored Public Program Event Time：4 p．m．－6 p．m． Description： Do you need personalized help Using a computer or the Internet? During the month of January，the library is offering limited one-on-one training sessions(培训课程)．Sessions are limited to 30 minutes and require signing up in advance．Call(415)557-4400 to book an appointment or for more information． |
| Friday, January 4 |
|
| Beyond Journal Writing for Teens |
Location：Main Library Paley Rm．(3rd F1．) Address：100 Larkin St．(at Grove) Library Sponsored Public Program Event Time：4 p.m.--- 5：30 p.m. Description： In this nine-week(January 4 through February 29)class，you will have the opportunity to develop and share your writing (poetry, biography and more) in a supportive group led by a Writers Corps teacher．Open to teen writers aged 13-19． For information，communicate with Betsy Levine，Teen Librarian，at (415)557-4497 or Dmail blevine@sipI．org． |
| Tuesday, January 8 |
|
| Power Panels and Films by World Savvy |
Location：Main Librarv Koret Auditorium Address：100 Larkin St．(at Grove) Library Sponsored Public Program Event Time：5 p．m．-8 p．m． Description: World Savvy，The Global Film Initiative team up to take you on a world tour through explorations of art，media and film．Come and share how film and media affect youth，education and our global community at large．To book a position，communicate with Jennifer Collins at(415)557—4268 or jennifercollins@sfpl.org． |
| Wednesday, January 9 |
|
| Business Counseling Sessions |
Location：M ain Library(Fourth Floor Business Center)Address：100 Larkin St．(at Grove) Library Sponsored Public Program Event Time：10 a．m．-3 p．m． Description： SCORE—Service Corps of Retired Executives(行政人员)offers free，one-hour business counseling(咨询)sessions from 10 a．m．to 3 p．m． To schedule an appointment with a SCORE counselor, call(415)744-6827．Cosponsored by the Business，Science and Technology Center． |
．If a boy wants to improve the skill of writing poems he can call．
| A．(415) 744-6827 | B．(415)557-4268 |
| C．(415) 557-4497 | D．(415)557-4400 |
Who would be most likely to attend the event on Wednesday, January 9？
| A．A science teacher | B．A retired worker． |
| C．A school headmaster． | D．A supermarket owner． |
Which event doesn’t need booking in advance?
| A．One-on-One Computer or Internet Training Session. |
| B．Beyond Journal Writing for Teens. |
| C．Power Panels and Films by World Savvy. |
| D．Business Counseling Sessions. |
As we all know，it was Thomas Jefferson who wrote the Declaration of Independence (独立宣言)．He wrote it in two weeks，and after a few changes，it was accepted by the Congress．As a result，he became famous in America's history．
Born in Virginia，Thomas Jefferson，a brilliant student at school and almost talented lawyer later，was much interested in politics.
Jefferson was elected Governor of Virginia in 1779，and he was sent to France as the Representative of the American Government in 1784．Sixteen years later，at the age of 57，he was elected president after Washington and Adams．
Far from a handsome man，he was is tall with long arms and big hands．Jefferson，who was an amusing talker in conversation，but a poor speaker，was generally good-natured．
Jefferson was regarded as a defender(捍卫者)of freedom Of America．As a president，he protected the right of speech．Interestingly enough，in his eight years as president，：Jefferson never said “No” to a bill(议案)!which the Congress had passed．He did a lot in organizing the new University of Virginia．
Thomas Jefferson died on July the fourth，1826，the fiftieth anniversary of America’s independence．Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?
| A．Thomas Jefferson | B．Lincoln | C．Washington | D．Adams |
We are most likely to read this passage in．
| A．a daily newspaper | B．a popular advertisement |
| C．a history book | D．an important notice |
Which of the following statements about Jefferson’s personality is true?
| A．He was a shy and slow learner when he was at school． |
| B．He was not an easy person to get along with at all |
| C．He was not only very talented but also very handsome． |
| D．He was an amusing talker，but not good at speaking in public． |
Jefferson’s greatest contribution in America’s history is that．
| A．he was for the right of free speech |
| B．he was sent to France as the Representative |
| C． he wrote the Declaration of Independence |
| D．he organized the new University of Virginia |
Thomas Jefferson was elected president of the United States in the year of .
| A．1779 | B．1784 | C．1800 | D．1826 |
The students in America usually begin high school at the age of 13 or 14. Some leave at the age of 16. But most finish the 4-year high school study. They do not get their first full-time work or begin college studies until they are 17 or 18 years old.
The high school day is about 7 hours long. Part of the day is made into classes of about 50 minutes long. The students have lunch in the middle of the day. American students study English, history, math, science, art and languages. Some also learn job skills. They can learn how to use a computer or how to mend a car. Other students may learn by working in an office, a hospital or other places one day a week.
Jean Wilton Anderson is 16 years old. She lives with her parents and two younger brothers in Bethesda, Maryland, 
near Washington D.C. Jean studies at Walt Whitman High School. There are abou
t 1,500 students at the school. Most of them will go up to colleges.
Jean wakes up early every morning. She begins school at about 7:30. This is her third year of high school. Every day she takes classes to learn
English, world history, physics and trigonometry（三角学）. She also has a class 
about different religions（宗教）.And she plays the violin in music class. School ends at about 2 o’clock in the afternoon. Yet, Jean stays 2 or more hours longer every day for sports. Jean arrives home at about 5 o’clock in the afternoon. She eats dinner. Then she starts her homework. Students in America have their way of talking. They use the word “like” all the time. Jean and her girlfriends wear blue jeans and shirts or sweaters every day. The boys at her school also wear blue jeans. But they like to wear blue jeans that are several sizes too large for them.
Like students of her age in most parts of the country, Jean begins to drive a car. She does not have her car. She must use the family’s car. Most of the students in high school have their own cars. Many of them drive their cars to school every day. Which of the following is not true to the high school?
| A．The school day usually lasts for 7 hours. |
| B．The students only have 6 subjects to learn. |
| C．Each class will last for 50 minutes. |
| D．The students can learn some skills out of the school. |
Jean Wilton Anderson __________________.
| A．has a four-people family | B．lives in the city of Washington |
| C．has studied in the high school for 3 years | D．drives her own car at the age of 16 |
Which of the following is not true?
| A．Students in high schools use the word “like” very often |
| B．The boy students wear blue jeans as the girls. |
| C．Many high school students go to school in their own cars. |
| D．Boy students wear jeans of larger size because they grow fast |
In the 13th century, the famous Italian traveler, Marco Polo, traveled a long way to China. During his stay in China, he saw many wonderful things. One of the things he discovered was that the Chinese used paper money. In western countries, people didn’t use the paper money until 15th century. However, people in China began to use paper money in the 7th century.
A Chinese man called Cai Lun invented paper almost 2,000 years ago. He took the wood from trees and made it into paper. He then put these pieces of paper together and made them into a book.
Now paper still comes from trees. We use a lot of paper every day. If we keep on wasting so much paper, there will not be any trees left on the earth. If there are no trees, there will be no paper. Every day, people throw away about 2,800 tons of paper in our city. It takes 17 trees to make one ton of paper. This means that we are cutting nearly 48,000 trees every day. Since it takes more than 10 years for a tree to grow, we must start using less paper now.
So how can we save paper? We can use both sides of every piece of paper, especially when we are making notes. We can use cotton handkerchiefs and not paper ones. When we go shopping, we can use fewer paper bags. If the shop assistant gives us a paper bag, we can save it and reuse it later.
Everyone can help to save paper. If we all think carefully, we can help protect trees. But we should do it now, before it is too late. When he was in China, Marco Polo ____________.
| A．discovered Cai Lun invented paper | B．learned to make paper |
C．saw many wonderf ul things |
D．read a lot of books |
Which of the following is not a way of saving paper?
| A．To use both sides of every piece of paper |
| B．To use fewer paper bags when shopping |
| C．To use cotton handkerchiefs instead of paper ones |
| D．To grow more trees |
Which of the following is not true?
| A．If we keep on wasting paper, we will have no paper to use one day. |
| B．The Chinese used paper money much earlier than people in western countries. |
| C．About 48,000 trees can be used to make 2,800 tons of paper. |
| D．It is never too late to plant trees for paper. |
Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
| A．Saving Paper | B．The History of Paper |
| C．Cotton Handkerchiefs Back Again | D．Cai Lun, the Inventor |