Losing a baby tooth can be fun for a kid. You can put it under your pillow and look forward to finding some money there in the morning. And then you can watch your new permanent(永恒的) tooth grow in its place.
But if a permanent tooth falls out, that’s a problem. There isn’t another one under the gum(齿龈)that can replace it. Unfortunately, this happens to some older people. And if permanent teeth fall out or need to be pulled, an older person might need dentures.
Dentures, known as false teeth, are a set of replacement teeth for any teeth that are missing. There are partial dentures, which take the place of only a few teeth and prevent the others from changing position. If all the teeth are gone, the person would need complete dentures, which replace every tooth in the mouth.
Dentures can cause pains at first and take little time to get adjusted to. They also need special care. They should be brushed daily with a special denture brush and cleanser and soaked（浸泡） in denture solution when not in the mouth.
Dentures are important for the old because, without teeth, it’s hard to smile, talk, and eat properly. But it can be a little weird if you see someone take out his or her dentures. It can also be strange to see someone, like a grandparent, without dentures in because he or she won’t have any teeth. Try not to make fun of the person because this could cause hurt feelings.
People usually lose their permanent teeth due to periodontal disease（牙周炎）, or gum disease, which is caused by bacteria that attacks the gums. Diseased gums aren’t strong and healthy, so teeth can get loose and fall out. Older people often have many cavities(洞)that have been filled over the years, and these fillings can weaken over time, leading to more tooth problems.If one of your baby teeth falls out, you ________.
| A．should have a false tooth fixed in its place |
| B．have to put it under your pillow at once |
| C．will gain a permanent tooth in future |
| D．can exchange it for some money |
A person wearing dentures ________.
| A．should brush them with a special denture brush every few days |
| B．will take a very long time to adjust himself or herself to them |
| C．will experience unpleasant feelings at the beginning of fixing them |
| D．should use denture solution to soak them in his or her mouth |
Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
| A．Partial dentures can prevent the remaining teeth from changing position. |
| B．Old people will find it hard to smile, talk, and eat properly without teeth. |
| C．A person’s teeth will possibly get loose if diseases strike his gums. |
| D．It is hard for a person to wear dentures if all his teeth have fallen out. |
What does the underlined word “weird” mean in the fifth paragraph?
| A．inconvenient | B．excited |
| C．uncomfortable | D．impolite |
As anyone who has tried to lose weight knows, realistic goal-setting generally produces the best results. That’s partly because most people who set realistic goals actually work more efficiently, and put more effort, to achieve those goals.
What’s far less understood by scientists, however, are the potentially harmful effects of goal-setting. Newspapers convey daily accounts of goal-setting widespread in industries and businesses up and down both Wall Street and Main Street, yet there has been surprisingly little research on how the long-advocated practice of setting goals may have contributed to the current economic crisis, and immoral behavior in general.
“Goals are widely used and promoted as having really beneficial effects. And yet, the same motivation that can push people to put more effort in a constructive way could also motivate people to be more likely to engage in immoral behaviors,” says Maurice Schweitzer, an associate professor at Penn’s Wharton School. His paper, titled “Goals Gone Wild: The Systematic Side Effects of Over-Praised Goal Setting,” appears in the February issue of the Academy of Management Perspectives.
“It turns out there’s no financial benefit to just having a goal---you just get a psychological benefit” Schweitzer says. “But in many cases, goals have financial rewards that make them more powerful.”
A major example Schweitzer and his colleagues give is the 2004 breakdown of energy-trading giant Enron( 德国安然公司), where managers used financial rewards to motivate salesmen to meet specific goals. The problem, Schweitzer says, is that the actual trades were not profitable.
Other studies have shown that burdening employees with unrealistic goals can force them to lie, cheat or steal. Such was the case in the early 1990s when Sears（西尔斯公司）placed a sales quota (销售限额) on its auto repair staff. It inspired employees to overcharge for work and to complete unnecessary repairs on a companywide basis.
Schweitzer admits his research runs counter to a very large body of literature that praises the many benefits of goal-setting. Advocates of the practice have argued with his team’s use of such evidence as news accounts to support his conclusion that goal-setting is widely over-praised.
In a rebuttal (反驳) paper, Dr. Edwin Locke writes: “Goal-setting is not going away. Organizations cannot grow without being focused on their desired end results any more than an individual can grow without goals to provide a sense of purpose.”
But Schweitzer argues the “evidence” linking goal-setting and harmful behavior should be studied to help draw attention to issues that deserve attention and further investigation. “Even a few negative effects could be so large that they outweigh many positive effects,” he says.
The debate is likely to get heated on in future papers, and the practice of setting goals no doubt will continue. For now, though, the lesson seems to be to put more thought into setting goals.
“Goal-setting does help motivate people. My idea would be to combine that with careful management, a strong organizational culture, and make sure the goals that you use are going to be constructive and not significantly harmful to the organization,” Schweitzer says.What does Maurice Schweitzer want to show by mentioning the example of Enron?
| A．Setting realistic goals can turn a failing business into success. |
| B．Businesses are likely to succeed without realistic goals. |
| C．Companies are certain to meet specific goals with financial rewards. |
| D．Goals with financial rewards have strong motivational power. |
How did Sears’ goal-setting affect its employees?
| A．They had to work more hours to increase their sales. |
| B．They competed with one another to attract more customers. |
| C．They turned to immoral practice to reach their goals. |
| D．They improved their customer service on a companywide basis. |
The underlined words “runs counter to” (Paragraph 7) can be replaced by ________.
| A．agrees with | B．goes against | C．fits in with | D．applies to |
What is Edwin Locke’s argument against Schweitzer?
| A．The practice of setting goals only helps people to develop. |
| B．Goal-setting is of no use motivating people to accomplish their tasks. |
| C．The positive effects of goal-setting outweigh its negative effects. |
| D．Studying goal-setting can contribute to successful business practices. |
According to the passage, the author tries to convey ___________.
| A．the goals that most people set are unrealistic. |
| B．all people can improve their work quality by setting goals. |
| C．setting goals can provide people with a sense of purpose. |
| D．people should not ignore the negative effects of goal-setting. |
Generic Name: ASPIRIN
Pronunciation: ['æspərin]
Why it is prescribed (开药方)：
1.Aspirin relieves mild to moderate pain.
2.It reduces fever, redness, and swelling.
3.It prevents blood from clotting (凝结).
When it is to be taken:
1.Aspirin is often taken without a prescription.
2.Follow the instructions on the label and package.
3.If your doctor prescribes aspirin for you, you will receive specific instructions for how often you should take it.
4.Keep in touch with your doctor.
How it should be taken:
1.Aspirin comes in the form of suppositories (栓剂), capsules, and regular, coated, extended-release, and chewable tablets.
2.Regular, coated, and extended-release aspirin tablets and capsules should be swallowed with a full glass of water or milk after meals to avoid stomach upset.
3.Chewable aspirin tablets may be chewed, crushed, dissolved in a liquid, or swallowed whole; a full glass of water, milk, or fruit juice should be drunk immediately after taking these tablets.
Special Instruction:
1.Children should not take aspirin for fevers associated with flu or chickenpox (水痘) because such use has been linked with a serious illness known as Reye’s syndrome.
2.Adults should not take aspirin for pain for more than 10 days (five days for children) without consulting a doctor.
3.Aspirin should not be taken by adults or children for high fever, fever lasting longer than three days without a doctor’s supervision (监管).
4.Do not give more than five doses (剂量) to a child in a 24-hour period unless directed to do so by a doctor.
5.If you miss a dose, take the missed dose as soon as you remember it and resume the prescribed schedule.
Side Effects:
1.Although side effects from aspirin are not common, they can occur.
2.Nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, indigestion and heartburn are common. Take aspirin after meals, with a full glass of water or milk. If these effects continue, contact your doctor.
3.Ringing in the ears, bloody or black stools (粪便), difficulty breathing, dizziness, mental confusion and sleepiness are rare. Stop taking the drug and contact your doctor.
Other Precautions:
1.If you are pregnant or breast-feeding women, inform your doctor before taking aspirin.
2.Do not take aspirin if you are within three months of delivery.
3.Do not take aspirin if you are allergic (过敏) to it.
4.If you have diabetes (糖尿病), regular use of eight or more regular strength aspirin tablets a day may affect test result.
5.If you are taking large doses of aspirin on a long-term basis, avoid having alcoholic drinks because alcohol can increase stomach problems.
6.To prevent an overdose of aspirin, read the labels before taking other pain relievers and cold products to be sure that they do not contain aspirin.
Storage Conditions:
1.Store aspirin in a cool place or in a refrigerator.
2.Throw away aspirin that smells strongly of vinegar.
3.Keep this aspirin out of the reach of children.Which of the following about Aspirin is correct?
| A．It only comes in the form of regular tablets. |
| B．It should not be taken for more than 5 days for children. |
| C．It can be used to reduce fever and pain and prevent blood clotting. |
| D．It causes ringing in the ears or difficulty breathing after being taken |
If you start taking aspirin, you should do all the following things EXCEPT ________.
| A．keeping in touch with your doctor |
| B．taking aspirin tablets after meals to avoid stomach upset |
| C．drinking a full glass of juice immediately after taking chewable aspirin tablets |
| D．taking more than 8 regular strength aspirin a day while suffering from diabetes |
The underlined word “resume” most probably means ________.
| A．continue | B．make up | C．pause | D．throw away |
Which of the following might be a side effect caused by Aspirin?
| A．blood clotting | B．stomach upset | C．lasting fever | D．sight problem |
Where can we probably come across such a text?
| A．In a research paper. |
| B．In the package of a medicine |
| C．In a medical textbook. |
| D．In a scientific and technological magazine |
NEW YORK (AP) — The investigation into the disappearance of 6-year-old Etan Patz has gone through decades and countries, from basements to rooftops and seemingly everywhere in between.
No one has ever been charged criminally — and the little boy with sandy brown hair and a toothy grin was declared dead in 2001.
This week, the six-year-old boy who went missing from the Soho area of New York City in 1979 is back in the news. Police and the FBI are investigating a possible lead into the 33-year-old case of Etan Patz, the first missing child to appear on the side of a milk box.
The child disappeared on the way to school on the morning of May 25, 1979. It was the first time he was allowed to walk the two blocks to the bus stop alone.
A tip seemed to have led officials to the basement of a building on the corner of Prince and Wooster streets, about a block and a half from where Etan had lived with his family.
The name Etan Patz has become a hot topic on Twitter as people weigh in on the case. Shirley Brady noted: “As mom to a 6 years old in Soho, it’s still held out by locals as cautionary tale (警示故事).” Another wrote, “Boy who disappeared on his way to school in 1979 has been REOPENED! Crazy.” One wondered, “Why is FBI and NYPD searching for a kid that disappeared in 1979?”
Good question. This is a case that Stuart Gra Bois, as an assistant U.S. lawyer under Rudolph Giuliani, followed for years. It became the most famous missing-person case in New York City, turned a nationwide spotlight on missing children, and created headlines around the globe. No one was ever stated guilty of the crime.
The case led to the creation of National Missing Children’s Day, marked on May 25, the day the blond-haired, blue-eyed child went missing.
The case has even pointed to a suspect, charged with child molester (猥亵者) Julio Antonio Ramos, who is currently in prison. Patz’s babysitter had been dating the man, and Ramos did know the kid, but has denied taking him away.
New evidence in the case suggests another suspect who lived in the apartment at the time: a local handyman named Othniel Miller, who gave Etan $1 for helping him the night before the disappearance.
The man’s name had come up in an earlier investigation, but he was a friend of the Patz family, and the NYPD did not follow the lead.
Investigators plan to be at the site, 127 B Prince St.,which is now a Lucky Brand jeans store, for the next two to three days to search for human remains. The Associated Press reports that the excavation (挖掘) has been the result of a recently ordered review of the case by Manhattan’s police.We can learn from the first three paragraphs that ________.
| A．The 6-year-old missing boy was found by the side of a milk box |
| B．Police and the FBI have not been following the case of Etan Patz for 33 years |
| C．The investigation into the disappearance of boy has worked fruitlessly for decades |
| D．Etan Patz went missing from the Soho area of New York city in 1979 and died in 2001 |
What does the underlined phrase “weigh in on the case” mean?
| A．ignore the case | B．feel stressed on the case |
| C．reopen the case | D．begin to discuss the case |
What was a possible cause of reopening the case of Etan Patz?
| A．Local lawyers strongly demanded the reopening of the case. |
| B．The Associated Press reported the result of the review of the case. |
| C．New evidence appeared which led officials to the basement of a building. |
| D．Local people realized the importance of the case without criminal being charged. |
Which of the following statements is true in the text?
| A．The National Missing Children’s Day was created on May 25, 1979. |
| B．The search for human remains will be carried out at 127 B Prince Street. |
| C．The NYPD didn’t follow the lead of Julio Antonio for he had been dating Patz’ babysitter. |
| D．Othniel Miller, a local handyman assisted Etan and gave him $1 before the disappearance. |
We can learn from the passage that ________.
| A．People air the same view about the case on the Internet |
| B．People reject the reopening of the case of the missing boy |
| C．The missing-person case still has a long-lasting influence on people |
| D．Twitter is the only place for people to discuss about missing-person cases |
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
For centuries, people have wondered about the strange places that they seem to visit in their sleep. ______ However, they have been valued as necessary to a person’s health and happiness.
Historically people thought dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams scientifically believing that they tell about a person’s character. _____ He believed that dreams allow a person to express fantasies or fears, which would be socially unacceptable in real life.
The second theory to become popular was Carl Jung’s compensation theory. Jung, a former student of Freud, said that the purpose of a dream is not to hide something, but rather to communicate it to the dreamer. _____ Thus, people who think too highly of themselves may dream about falling; those who think too little of themselves dream of being heroes.
Using more recent research, William Domhoff from the University of California found that dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop in humans. ______ Until they reach age five, they can not express very well what their dreams are about. Once people become adults, there is little or no change in their dreams. The dreams of men and women differ.
The meaning of dreams continues to be difficult to understand. ______ If you dream that a loved one is going to die, do not panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that your loved one is going to die.
| A．Dreams make up for what is lacking in waking life. |
| B．However, people should not take their dreams as reality. |
| C．They have been considered as meaningless nighttime journeys. |
| D．It gives scientists chances to better understand human mind. |
E．Children do not dream as much as adults.
F．They think their mind is trying to tell them something.
G．First, there was Sigmund Freud’s theory.
It is pretty much a one-way street. While it may be common for university researchers to try their luck in the commercial world, there is very little traffic in the opposite direction. Pay has always been the biggest deterrent, as people with families often feel they cannot afford the drop in salary when moving to a university job. For some industrial scientists, however, the attractions of academia (学术界) outweigh any financial considerations.
Helen Lee took a 70% cut in salary when she moved from a senior post in Abbott Laboratories to a medical department at the University of Cambridge. Her main reason for returning to academia mid-career was to take advantage of the greater freedom to choose research questions. Some areas of inquiry have few prospects(前景) of a commercial return, and Lee’s is one of them.
The impact of a salary cut is probably less serious for a scientist in the early stages of a career. Guy Grant, now a research associate at the Unilever Centre for Molecular Informatics at the University of Cambridge, spent two years working for a pharmaceutical (制药的) company before returning to university as a post-doctoral researcher. He took a 30% salary cut but felt it worthwhile for the greater intellectual(智力的) opportunities.
Higher up the ladder, where a pay cut is usually more significant, the demand for scientists with a wealth of experience in industry is forcing universities to make the transition (转换) to academia more attractive, according to Lee. Industrial scientists tend to receive training that academics do not, such as how to build a multidisciplinary(包括各种学科的) team, manage budgets and negotiate(谈判) contracts. They are also well placed to bring something extra to the teaching side of an academic role that will help students get a job when they graduate, says Lee, perhaps experience in manufacturing practice or product development. “Only a small number of undergraduates will continue in an academic career. So someone leaving university who already has the skills needed to work in an industrial lab has far more potential in the job market than someone who has spent all their time on a narrow research project.”By “a one-way street” in the first paragraph, the author means ________.
| A．university researchers know little about the commercial world |
| B．there is little exchange between industry and academia |
| C．few industrial scientists would quit to work in a university |
| D．few university professors are willing to do industrial research |
The word “deterrent” most probably refers to something that _____.
| A．keeps someone from taking action |
| B．helps to move the traffic |
| C．attracts people’s attention |
| D．brings someone a financial burden |
What was Helen Lee’s major consideration when she changed her job in the middle of her career?
| A．Flexible work hours. |
| B．Her research interests. |
| C．Her preference for the lifestyle on campus. |
| D．Prospects of academic accomplishments. |
Guy Grant chose to work as a researcher at Cambridge in order to ________.
| A．do financially more rewarding work |
| B．raise his status in the academic world |
| C．enrich his experience in medical research |
| D．have better intellectual opportunities |
What contribution can industrial scientists make when they come to teach in a university?
| A．Increase its graduates’ competitiveness in the job market |
| B．Develop its students’ potential in research. |
| C．Help it to obtain financial support from industry. |
| D．Adapt its research to practical applications. |