Communication Principles（2009．江苏)
How you see yourself can make a great difference in how you communicate．“Every individual exists in a continually changing world of experience of which he（or she）is the center”．Many communication scholars and social scientists believe that people are products of how others treat them and of the messages others send them．But every day we experience the centrality of our selves in communication．A student．for instance，may describe a conflict with a teacher as unfair treatment：“I know my teacher doesn’t like the fact that I don’t agree with his opinions．and that’s why he gave me such a poor grade in that class．”The teacher might say the opposite．Each person may believe that he is correct and that the other person’s view is wrong．
The concept of serf originates in communication．Through verbal and nonverbal symbols, a child learns to accept roles in response to the expectations of others．You establish self-image。The sort of person you believe you are，by how others think of you．Positive，negative，and neutral messages that you receive from others all play a role in determining who you are．Communication itself is probably best understood as a dialogue process．Our understanding of communication comes from our interactions with other people．In a more obvious way．communication involves others in the sense that a competent communicator considers what the other person needs and expects when selecting messages to share．So，the communication begins with the self，as defined largely by others，and involves others，as defined largely by the self．
Communication Occurs almost every minute of your life．If you are not communicating with yourself（thinking，planning，reacting to the world around you），you are observing others and drawing inferences from their behavior．Even if the other person did not intend a message for you．you gather observations and draw specific conclusions．A person yawns and you believe that person is bored with your message．A second person looks away from you and you conclude that person is not listening to you．A third person smiles（perhaps because of a memory of a joke he heard recently） and you believe that he is attracted to you．We are continually picking up meanings from others’ behaviors and we are constantly providing behaviors that have communicative value for them．
More often than not，you may have hurt someone accidentally and you may have tried to explain that you did not mean that. You may have told the other person that you were sorry for your statement．You may have made a joke out of your rude statement．Nonetheless，your comment remains both in the mind of the other person and in your own mind．You cannot go back in time and erase your messages to others．Communication cannot be reversed（倒退），nor can it be repeated．When you tried to re—create the atmosphere，the conversation，and the setting，nothing seemed right．Your second experience with a similar setting and person made far different results．
| Paragraph outline |
Supporting Details |
| Communication begins with the self |
●People are somewhat products of others’ treatment and messages． ●we are always |
| Communication |
●Experiences of others help children learn to accept roles． ●Messages from others help you ●Needs and |
| Communication everywhere |
●We are communicating with ourselves by thinking，planning and reacting to the outside world． ●We are always ●We are constantly collecting meanings from others’ ●We are constantly |
| Communication cannot be reversed nor repeated |
●You may explain what you have done，but you cannot ●Yon may redo the conversation，but you |
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Most days after school, I love walking in the forest with my dog Nick. It’s （1） （peace）, especially around sunset. Nick has a fun time smelling the leaves and running after rabbits. When Nick runs ahead, I hear him barking excitedly. I sometimes call him back, worried that he might have someone （2） （scare）. The truth, though, is （3） could be guessed——there’s never anyone else here. Just me, Nick, and the quiet forest.
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Chinese cultural elements commemorating（纪念）Tang Xianzu, （1） is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia,” add an international character to Stratford-upon-Avon, William Shakespeare’s hometown.
Tang and Shakespeare were contemporaries and both died in 1616. Although they could never have met, there are common （2） （theme）in their works, said Paul Edmondson, head of research for the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. “Some of the things that Tang was writing about （3） （be）also Shakespeare’s concerns. I happen to know that Tang’s play The Peony Pavilion（《牡丹亭》）is similar in some ways （4） Romeo and Juliet.”
A statue commemorating Shakespeare and Tang was put up at Shakespeare’s Birthplace Garden in 2017. Two years later, a six-meter-tall pavilion, （5） （inspire）by The Peony Pavilion, （6） （build）at the Firs Garden, just ten minutes’ walk from Shakespeare’s birthplace.
Those cultural elements have increased Stratford’s international （7） （visible）, said Edmondson, adding that visitors walking through the Birthplace Garden were often amazed （8） （find）the connection between the two great writers.
（9） （recall）watching a Chinese opera version of Shakespeare’s play Richard III in Shanghai and meeting Chinese actors who came to Stratford a few years ago to perform parts of The Peony Pavilion, Edmondson said, “It was very exciting to hear the Chinese language （10） see how Tang’s play was being performed.”
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Heatherwick Studio recently built a greenhouse at the edge of the National Trust’s Woolbeding Gardens. This beautiful structure, named Glasshouse, is at the centre of a new garden that shows how the Silk Road influences English gardens even in modern times.
The latest （1） （engineer）techniques are applied to create this protective （2） （function） structure that is also beautiful. The design features ten steel “sepals（萼片）” made of glass and aluminium（铝）. These sepals open on warm days （3） （give）the inside plants sunshine and fresh air. In cold weather, the structure stays （4） （close）to protect the plants.
Further, the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse （5） （walk） visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road, by which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for （6） first time. These plants included modern Western （7） （favourite）such as rosemary, lavender and fennel. The garden also contains a winding path that guides visitors through the twelve regions of the Silk Road. The path offers over 300 plant species for visitors to see, too.
The Glasshouse stands （8） a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing（追溯）the steps along the Silk Route （9） brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the （10） （rich）of gardening in England.
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Although parks of all sizes and types exist at any level, the national parks, in particular, tend （1） （catch） our attention because of their large size and variety. They are （2） （treasure）of American heritage（遗产）. How did the national park system come about? On a cool, starry night in mid-September 1870, four men relaxed before a campfire along the Firehole River in （3） is now northwestern Wyoming. They （4） （be） part of a 15-member exploring party that had spent almost five awesome weeks in witness of the natural beauties there.
What should （5） （do）with such a beautiful place? They wondered out loud. This area, with （6） （it）unique and breathtaking natural beauty, must be well preserved （7） all people of the nation to enjoy — as a national park. They all agreed and vowed（承诺）to promote the idea at the （8） （complete）of their journey. Their promotional work paid off. Two years later, 18 years before Wyoming became a state, Yellowstone became the first national park in the United States and the world. Yellowstone was the （9） （large）United States national park — 2.2 million acres — until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska, （10） became a national monument in 1978, took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres.
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ㅤXiao long bao（soup dumplings），those amazing constructions of delicate dumpling wrappers，encasing hot，（1）＿＿＿＿（taste）soup and sweet，fresh meat，are far and away my favorite Chinese street food. The dumplings arrive steaming and dangerously hot. To eat one，you have to decide whether（2）＿＿＿＿（bite）a small hole in it first，releasing the stream and risking a spill（溢出），（3）＿＿＿＿to put the whole dumpling in your mouth，letting the hot soup explode on your tongue. Shanghai maybe the （4）＿＿＿＿（recognize）home of the soup dumplings but food historians will actually point you to the neighboring canal town of Nanxiang as Xiao long bao's birthplace. There you will find them prepared differently﹣more dumpling and less soup，and the wrappers are pressed （5）＿＿＿＿hand rather than rolled. Nanxiang aside，the best Xiao long bao have a fine skin，allowing them （6）＿＿＿＿（lift）out of the steamer basket without allowing them tearing or spilling any of （7）＿＿＿＿（they）contents. The meat should be fresh with （8）＿＿＿＿ touch of sweetness and the soup hot，clear and delicious.
ㅤNo matter where I buy them，one steamer is （9）＿＿＿＿（rare）enough，yet two seems greedy，so I am always left （10）＿＿＿＿ （want）more next time.