A person named Bernard Jackson today is a free man, but he has many bitter memories. He spent five years in prison after a jury wrongly convicted (判处…有罪) him of raping two women. At Jackson’s trial, although two witnesses testified that Jackson was with them in another location at the time of the crime, he was convicted anyway. Why? The jury believed the testimony(证词)of the two victims, who positively identified Jackson as the man who had attacked them. The court eventually freed Jackson after the police found the real criminal.
Many factors influence the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. For instance, witnesses sometimes see photographs of several suspects before they try to identify the person they saw in a group of people. They can become confused by seeing many photographs of similar faces. The number of people in the group, and whether it is a person or a photograph, may also affect a witness’s decision. People sometimes have difficulty identifying people of other races. The questions the police ask witnesses also have an effect on them.
Many people believe that police officers are more reliable than ordinary people. Psychologists decided to test this idea, and they discovered that it is not true. Two psychologists showed a film of crimes to both police officers and civilians. The psychologists found no difference between the police and the civilians in correctly remembering the details of the crimes.
Despite all the possibilities for inaccuracy, courts cannot omit eyewitness testimony from a trial. American courts depend almost completely on eyewitness testimony to resolve(决定)court cases. Sometimes it is the only evidence to a crime, such as rape. Furthermore, eyewitness testimony is often correct. Although people do sometimes make mistakes, and convict innocent people, more importantly, eyewitness testimony has rightly convicted a larger number of guilty people.
American courts depend on the ability of the twelve jurors, and not the judges, to determine the accuracy of the witness’s testimony. It is their responsibility to decide if a certain witness could actually see, hear and remember what happened.Bernard Jackson was found guilty and sentenced 5 years’ prison because________.
| A．the victims insisted that he was the attacker |
| B．he admitted the crime of raping two women |
| C．the police discovered evidence leading to his guilt |
| D．the eyewitness proved the victims’ testimony |
The following statements may be the reasons for why sometimes the eyewitness’ testimony is not accurate EXCEPT ________.
| A．the eyewitness is confused by the police’s questions |
| B．the eyewitness is shown photos of many similar faces |
| C．the eyewitness lacks the professional help from police |
| D．the eyewitness can’t identify people of other races clearly. |
An inaccurate eyewitness testimony may lead to________.
| A．the misunderstanding of the case |
| B．the disbelief in the court |
| C．the disrespect for the eyewitness |
| D．the conviction of an innocent person |
Eyewitness testimony is important because ___________.
| A．it can be relied on to detect criminals in all cases |
| B．it is sometimes the only way to resolve court cases |
| C．it is sometimes the only clue for police investigation |
| D．it is more reliable than physical evidences to a crime |
According to the text, we can infer that ________.
| A．eyewitness testimony is valuable, though sometimes incorrect |
| B．police identification is more reliable than that of the ordinary people |
| C．crime victims often fail to give positive identification of the suspects |
| D．the jury relies on the judge than the eyewitness for a decision |
Special Bridges Help Animals Cross the Road
----- Reported by Sheila Carrick
Why did the chicken cross the road? To get to the other side.
Most people know this joke. But recently, some people have been much more concerned with how the grizzly bear and mountain lion can cross the road.
Millions of animals die each year on U.S. roads, the Federal Highway Administration reports. In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today. The main reason? Road-kill.
"Ecopassages" may help animals cross the road without being hit by cars. They are paths both over and under roads. "These ecopassages can be extremely useful, so that wildlife can avoid human conflicts," said Jodi Hilty of the Wildlife Conservation Society.
But do animals actually use the ecopassages? The answer is yes. Paul Beier of Northern Arizona University found foot marks left by mountain lions on an ecopassage that went under a highway. This showed that the lion used the passage.
Builders of some ecopassages try to make them look like a natural part of an area by planting trees on and around them. Animals seem to be catching on. Animals as different as salamanders and grizzly bears are using the bridges and underpasses.
The next time you visit a park or drive through an area with a lot of wildlife, look around. You might see an animal overpass!
45. The writer uses the example of “ocelots” to show that_________.
A．wild animals have become more dangerous
B．the driving conditions have improved greatly
C．the measure for protecting wildlife fails to work
D．an increasing number of animals are killed in road accidents
46. From the news story, we know an ecopassage is_________.
A．an underground path for cars B．a fence built for the safety of the area
C．a bridge for animals to get over a river D．a pass for animals to cross the road
47. When the writer says that animals seem “to be catching on”, he means_________.
A．animals begin to realize the dangers on the road
B．animals begin to learn to use ecopassages
C．animals are crossing the road in groups
D．animals are increasing in number
48. The writer asks visitors and drivers to look around when traveling because_________.
A．wild animals may attack cars B．wild animals may jam the road
C．they may see wild animals in the park D．they may see wild animals on ecopassages
Millions of people visit Yosemite National Park every year to see the tall waterfalls and mountains. These mountains are a splendid sight when viewed form the valley floor. Lots of stores, hotels, and restaurants are needed to handle the crowds. Also, water, roads, and other service systems are part of the infrastructure (基础设施) that must be maintained.
Unfortunately, these systems are starting to break down. It’s not just in Yosemite but in national parks around the nation.
Yosemite is thirty years old according to Dennis Galvin, a National Park Service worker. The Park is not only old but worn out. Two or three times as many visitors come every year. That is too many visitors for the park to deal with.
Four years ago a storm washed out a water pipeline in the Grand Canyon. The National Park Service had to send water trucks to provide water for the visitors. Last month pipes almost broke again and roads had to be closed for a while.
Why hasn’t the National Park Service kept up the park repairs? There is a lack of money. The United States has 378 monuments, parks, and wilderness areas. Between three and four billion dollars are needed for repairs.
Yosemite is one national park that does have money for repairs. It has two hundred million dollars but cannot spend it any way it chooses. When the park workers started widening the road, they were forced to stop by the Sierra Club. The club claimed that the road work was damaging the Merced River that runs through the park.
A sierra Club lawyer, Julia Olson, feels that the infrastructure needs to be moved out of Yosemite. That way less pressure will be put on the already crowded park.
According to the text, the mountains in Yosemite look most splendid when they are appreciated from ______.
A. the bottom of the valleys B. the top of the mountains
C. the side of the mountains D. the edge of the valleys
National parks like Yosemite in the U.S. find it increasingly difficult to meet the need of visitors because ______.
A. their transport management needs improving
B. they spend too much on their service systems
C. their service systems frequently go out of order
D. they need help from environmental organizations
The main problem of Yosemite National Park is its ______.
A. rundown water pipes B. overcrowdedness
C. lack of money D. narrow roads
68. According to the text, the Sierra Club is most likely to be ______.
A. an environmental group B. an information center
C. a travel service D. a law firm
Tristan da Cunha, a 38-square-mile island, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, according to the Guinness Book of Records. It is 1,510miles southwest of its nearest neighbor, St. Helena, and 1,950miles west of Africa. Discovered by the Portuguese admiral（葡萄牙海军上将）of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred.
Coming in a close second –- and often wrongly mentioned as the most distant land －is Easter Island, which lies 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbor, Pitcairn Island, and 2,300 miles west of South America.
The mountainous 64-square-mile island was settled around the 5th century, supposedly by people who were lost at sea. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, giving them plenty of time to build more than 1,000 huge stone figures, called moai, for which the island is most famous.
On Easter Sunday, 1772, however, settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its name. Today, 2,000 people live on the Chilean territory （智利领土）. They share on street, a small airport, and a few hours of television per day.
56．It can be learned from the text that the island of Tristan da Cunha _____________.
A．was named after its discoverer B．got its name from Holland settlers
C．was named by the British government D．got its name from the Guinness Book of Records
57．Which of the following is most famous for moai?
A．Tristan da Cunha. B．Pitcairn Island.
C．Easter Island. D．St. Helena.
58．Which country does Easter Island belong to?
A．Britain. B．Holland. C．Portugal. D．Chile.
Fidenzio Salvatori is determined that the city of Toronto will have an outdoor marketplace for merchants from its immigrant community, complete with dancing and other forms of amusement form their native countries. “Toronto is truly multicultural (多元文化的)，” he said in a newspaper interview. “It’s a city from many places, and multicultural marketplace will help Torontonians to understand and appreciate the rich variety of cultural groups in our city.”
Salvatori, aged 23, will soon complete his studies at the University of Toronto. He was eleven years old when he came to Canada from Italy with his parents. “Most of Toronto’s immigrants are from lands where the marketplace has always been part of daily life,” he said.
Salvatori has been interested in getting an open-air market for Toronto for the last three years. This year, with the help of two fellow students, he prepared a proposal on the subject and presented it to the city’s Executive committee, asking for their support. The proposal pointed out Toronto’s rich variety of national groups, “whose customs include market shopping.”
Under a Canadian government program for multiculturalism, the three students have received two thousand dollars with which they will do a study to find out whether Toronto’s immigrant businessmen would support an open-air market. They hope the merchants will support the plan strongly. “A study done earlier this year showed that 90 percent of shoppers would be in favor of it,” Salvatori said. “At first it would be an experiment. But we think it will prove to be good business for the merchants, as well as tourist attraction.”
61. What is Fidenzio Salvatori’s purpose of having an outdoor marketplace for Toronto?
A. To provide different forms of amusement.
B. To keep the cultural variety of the city.
C. To inspire its immigrant community.
D. To satisfy its immigrant merchants.
62. Fidenzio Salvatori, with two other students, has got two thousand dollars from the government ______.
A. to make an experiment B. to perform a research
C. to start a marketplace D. to operate a business
63.According to Salvatori, the marketplace may also help to improve Toronto’s ______.
A. market management B. travel industry
C. community service D. city planning
64.It can be inferred from the text that the Canadian government supports ______.
A. the protection of different cultures B. the plan of an open-air market
C. the request of merchants D. the attitude of shoppers
MONTREAL (Reuters) – Crossing the US-Canada border (边界) to go to church on a Sunday cost a US citizen $ 10,000 for breaking Washington’s strict new security (安全) rules.
The expensive trip to church was a surprise for Richard Albert, who lives right on the Canadian border. Like the other half-dozen people of Township 15, crossing the border is a daily occurrence for Albert. The nearby Quebec village of St. Pamphile is where they shop, eat and go to church.
There are many such situations in these areas along the largely unguarded 5,530-mile border between Canada and the US – which in some cases actually runs down the middle of streets or through buildings.
As a result, Albert says he did not expect any p0roblems three weeks ago when he returned home to the US after attending church in Canada, as usual, The US customs (海关) station in this area is closed on Sundays, so he just drove around the locked gate, as he had done every weekend since the pate appeared last May, following a tightening of border security. Two days later, Albert was told to go to the customs office, where an officer told him he had been caught on camera crossing the border illegally (非法).
Ottawa has given out sp0ecial passes to some 300 US citizens in that area so they can enter the country when Canadian customs stations are closed, but the US stopped a similar program last May. That forces the people to a 200-mile detour along hilly roads to get home through another border checkpoint.
Albert has requested that the customs office change their decisions on the fine, but he has not attended a Sunday church since. “I feel like I’m living in a p0rison,”he said.
41．We learn from the text that Richard Albert is _______.
A．an American living in Township 15
B．a Canadian living in a Quebec village
C．a Canadian working in a customs station
D．an American working in a Canadian church
5.2．Albert was fined because he ________.
A．failed to obey traffic rules
B．broke the American security rules
C．worked in St. Pamphile without a pass
D．damaged the gate of the customs office.
63．The underlined word “detour” in Paragraph 5 means _________.
A．a drive through the town B．a race across the fields
C．a roundabout way of traveling D．a journey in the mountain area
7.4．What would be the best title for the text?
A．A Cross-country Trip B．A Special Border Pass
C．An Unguarded Border D．An Expensive Church Visit