Many theories regarding the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories on the individual suggest that children criminal behavior before they were not sufficiently for previous misbehaviors or that they have learned criminal behavior through interaction with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status or as a rejection of middle-class values.
Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from families, the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes for lack of adequate control from parents. All , however, are uncertain or unimproved and are of course challenged with criticism.
Changes in the social structure may indirectly juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. This results in among youths and may in lead more youths into criminal behavior.
Families have also experienced these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; , children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family . This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other noticeable of offensive acts include experience or failure in school, the availability of drugs and alcohol, and the growing phenomenon of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the of a child committing a criminal act, a direct cause and effect relationship has not yet been established.
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To Whom It May Concern:
My husband and I got married in 1965 and for the first ten years of our marriage I was very happy to stay home and raise our three children. Then four years ago, our youngest child went to school and I thought I might go back to work.
My husband was very supportive and helped me to make my decision. He emphasized all of the things I can do around the house, and said he thought I could be a great success in business.
After several weeks of job-hunting I found my present job, which is working for a small public relations firm. At first, my husband was very proud of me and would tell his friends , "My clever little wife can run that company she's working for."
But as his joking remark approached reality, my husband stopped talking to me about my job．I have received several promotions and pay increases , and I am now making more money than he is. I can buy my own clothes and a new car. Because of our combined incomes, my husband and I can do many things that we had always dreamed of doing , but we don't do these things because he is very unhappy.
We fight about little things and my husband is very critical of me in front of our friends. For the first time in our marriage, I think there is a possibility that our marriage may come to an end．
I love my husband very much, and I don't want him to feel inferior, but I also love my job．I think I can be a good wife and a working woman, but I don't know how .Can you give me some advice? Will I have to choose one or the other or can I keep both my husband and my new career?
Please help.
"Distressed"The letter was most probable written ________.
| A．in 1975 | B．around 1980 | C．four years ago | D．in 1965 |
Her husband ________ when she first found her present job．
| A．was very critical of her | B．felt disappointed |
| C．was proud of her | D．was happy but critical |
What does the underlined word "promotion" mean?
| A．scolding | B．criticism | C．prize | D．advancement |
As her income increased, ________.
| A．she found a gap emerged between her and her husband |
| B．she bought more clothes and a house |
| C．she did the many things she and her husband dreamed of |
| D．she felt very proud of herself |
During the summer holidays there will be a revised (修改过的) schedule (时刻表) of services for the students. Changes for dining-room and library service hours and for bus schedules will be posted on the wall outside of the dining-hall . Weekly film and concert schedules, which are being arranged(安排)，will be posted each Wednesday outside of the student club.
In the summer holidays, buses going to the town center will leave the main hall every half hour during the day. The dinning-room will serve three meals a day from 7:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. during the week and two meals from noon to 7:00 p.m. on weekends. The library will continue its usual hours during the week, but have shorter hours on Saturdays and Sundays. The weekend hours are from noon to 5:00 p.m.
All students who want to use the library borrowing services must have a new summer card. This announcement will also appear in the next week’s student newspaper.The main purpose of this announcement is to______.
| A．tell students of important schedule changes |
| B．tell students of new bus and library services |
| C．show the excellent services for students |
| D．ask students to renew their library cards |
At which of the following times will the bus leave the main hall?
| A．8:00, 9:00, 10:00, 11:00 | B．8:30, 9:30, 10:30, 11:30 |
| C．8:30, 9:00, 9:30; 10:00 | D．8:00, 9:30, 11:00, 12:30 |
Times for films and concerts are not listed in this announcement because______.
| A．they are not to be announced | B．they are hard to arrange |
| C．the full list is not ready | D．the full list is too long |
In the summer holidays, the library will have______.
| A．no special hours |
| B．special hours on weekdays |
| C．special hours on weekends |
| D．special hours both on weekdays and weekends |
WELCOME TO YOUR FREE ISH MEMBERSHIP
Your Membership
International Students House is a unique, cultural and recreational centre providing a wide programme of events for students 310 days a year.
Located in a fashionable and safe neighborhood, close to Regent's Park, ISH is a central place to meet students from Britain and around the world.
ISH provides all its members with the opportunity to enjoy a wide variety of sports and hobbies in a friendly and fun environment. Many of the activities are free of charge as part of membership, while some charge a small fee.
Membership is open to all full-time students, professional trainees and student nurses.
LEARN
Lecture Series:
ISH organizes a number of lively, topical lectures of political and contemporary(同时代的) interest by famous speakers.
Language Classes
A variety of weekly language classes which in the past have included English, Spanish, Japanese and Italian.
ISH tries to offer as many development and educational programmes as possible for its members. Look out for additional workshops and leadership programmes. E--mail: learn @ish.org.uk.
CREATE
Sunday Cinema:
Films are shown every Sunday evening at 19∶30 including recent blockbusters(大片), theme nights and classics.
Classes:
Show your talents or learn from the beginning with our various classes and workshops which include Life Drawing, Photography, and Drama.
Throughout the year ISH holds numerous exhibitions, recitals(公演) and performances put on by the students. To get more information, e-mail: create @ish.org.uk.
TRAVEL
Travel Club:
The Travel Club runs a comprehensive (广泛的)schedule of day and weekend trips to British and European destinations. Students get the chance to explore new parts of the UK and meet people from all over the world. Sightseeing, canoeing, hiking, eating out, socializing and meeting local people are what you can expect to experience during the trips. E-mail: travel @ish.org.uk.
ACTIVE
Classes:
Try out our Martial Arts and Fitness Classes every week night including Kick Boxing, Tai Chi, Kung Fu and Shaolin as well as Yoga, and Aerobics classes. All our classes are run by qualified and professional instructors.
Sports:
Join in our recreational and team sports such as football, volleyball, running, table tennis, and chess.
ISH Dangerous Sports Club:
We also organize such activities as go-karting, pain-balling and adventure weekends. E--mail: active @ish.org.uk.If you are a member of ISH, you can do all the following except ______.
| A．traveling to some European countries |
| B．attending all kinds of interesting lectures |
| C．attending French classes |
| D．meeting students from all around the world |
If you want to learn to take photos, which of the following e-mail addresses is useful to you?
| A．learn @ish.org.uk. | B．travel @ish.org.uk. |
| C．active @ish.org.uk. | D．create @ish.org.uk. |
If you like some adventure on weekends, you'd better _______.
| A．join ISH Dangerous Sports Club | B．join the Travel Club |
| C．go to Sunday Cinema | D．take some Fitness Classes |
Ask someone what they have done to help the environment recently and they will almost certainly mention recycling. Recycling in the home is very important of course. However, being forced to recycle often means we already have more material than we need. We are dealing with the results of that over-consumption in the greenest way possible, but it would be far better if we did not need to bring so much material home in the first place.
The total amount of packaging increased by 12% between 1999 and 2005. It now makes up a third of a typical household’s waste in the UK. In many supermarkets nowadays food items are packaged twice with plastic and cardboard.
Too much packaging is doing serious damage to the environment. The UK, for example, is running out of it for carrying this unnecessary waste. If such packaging is burnt, it gives off greenhouse gases which go on to cause the greenhouse effect. Recycling helps, but the process itself uses energy. The solution is not to produce such items in the first place. Food waste is a serious problem, too. Too many supermarkets encourage customers to buy more than they need. However, a few of them are coming round to the idea that this cannot continue, encouraging customers to reuse their plastic bags, for example.
But this is not just about supermarkets. It is about all of us. We have learned to associate packaging with quality. We have learned to think that something unpackaged is of poor quality. This is especially true of food. But it also applies to a wide range of consumer products, which often have far more packaging than necessary.
There are signs of hope. As more of us recycle, we are beginning to realize just how much unnecessary materials are collecting. We need to face the wastefulness of our consumer culture, but we have a mountain to climb. What does the underlined phrase “over-consumption” refer to?
| A．Using too much packaging. | B．Recycling too many wastes. |
| C．Making more products than necessary. | D．Having more material than is needed. |
The author uses figures in Paragraph 2 to show _______.
| A．the tendency of cutting household waste | B．the increase of packaging recycling |
| C．the rapid growth of super markets | D．the fact of packaging overuse |
According to the text, recycling ______.
| A．helps control the greenhouse effect |
| B．means burning packaging for energy |
| C．is the solution to gas shortage |
| D．leads to a waste of land |
What can we learn from the last paragraph?
| A．Fighting wastefulness is difficult. |
| B．Needless material is mostly recycled. |
| C．People like collecting recyclable waste. |
| D．The author is proud of their consumer culture. |
Life will probably be very different in 2050. First of all, it looks as though TV channels will have disappeared by 2050. Instead, people will choose a program from a “menu” and a computer will send the program directly to the television. Today, we can use the World Wide Web to read newspaper stories and see pictures on a computer thousands of kilometers away. By 2050, music, films, programmers, newspapers and books will come to us in this way.
In many places, agriculture is developing quickly and people are growing fruit and vegetables for export. This uses a lot of water. Therefore, there could be serious shortages. Some futurologists (未来学家) predict that water could be the cause of wars if we don’t act now.
In future, cars will run on new，clean fuels and they will go very fast. Cars will have computers to control the speed and there won’t be any accidents. Today, many cars have computers that tell drivers exactly where they are．By 2050, the computer will control the car and drive it to your destination. Also, by 2050, space planes will fly people from Los Angeles to Tokyo in just two hours.
A number of large companies now use robots instead of people who ask for pay rises, or go on strike, and can not work 24 hours a day. By 2050, we will see robots everywhere—in factories, schools, offices, hospitals, shops and homes.
By 2050, we will be able to help blind and deaf people see and hear again. In the last few years, scientists have discovered how to control genes and have already produced clones of animals. By 2050，scientists will be able to produce clones of people and decide how they look, how they behave and how much intelligence they have. Scientists will be able to do these things, but should they?By 2050, people will get information mainly by _______.
| A．watching TV | B．reading newspapers |
| C．listening to the radio | D．turning to a website |
From the second paragraph, we learn that _______.
| A．the demand for water will increase a lot in the future |
| B．future wars will lead to an increasing need for water |
| C．there can be no agriculture without enough water |
| D．the population will decrease for lack of water |
Which of the following is NOT a reality at the present time?
| A．Scientists have found out how to control some genes. |
| B．Cars have computers which tell drivers their positions. |
| C．People can learn about what has happened anywhere on the Internet. |
| D．Robots have completely replaced humans in some factories. |
What will play the biggest part in the quality of life in the future?
| A．Medicine. | B．Technology. | C．Education. | D．Agriculture |