阅读理解Migrationsareoneoftheanima-优题课

The sleep debt is the difference between the amount of sleep you should get and the amount you actually get. It grows every time we skim some extra minutes off our nightly sleep. “People accumulate sleep debts gradually,” says Dr. William Dement, founder of the Stanford University Sleep Clinic. Studies show that such short-term lack of sleep leads to a foggy brain, impaired vision, worsened driving and troubled remembering. Long- term effects include obesity, insulin(胰岛素) resistance, and heart disease.
A 2007 survey by the National Sleep Foundation reports that Americans sleep for 6.9 hours per night, 6.8 hours on average during the week and 7.4 hours on the weekends. Generally, experts recommend eight hours of sleep per night, although some people may require only six hours of sleep while others need ten. That means on average, Americans lose one hour of sleep each night more than two full weeks of sleep every year.
The good news is that the sleep debt can be repaid with some work, though it won’t happen when you sleep longer for once. Adding an extra hour or two hours of sleep a night is the way to catch up. For the long-term sleep shortage, it takes a few months to get back to natural sleeping pattern, says Lawrence J. Epstein, medical director of the Harvard Sleep Health Center.
Go to bed when you are tired, allowing your body to wake you in the morning, with no alarm clock. You may find yourself uncomfortable at the beginning of the recovery cycle. Expect to bank to ten hours shut-eye per night. As the days pass, however, the amount of sleeping time will gradually decrease. For recovery sleep, both the hours of the sleep and the intensity(强度) of the sleep are important. The most refreshing sleep occurs during deep sleep, which is generally considered a restorative (促使健康的) period for the brain. And when you sleep for more hours, you allow your brain to spend more time relaxing.
As you reduce the sleep debt, your body will come to rest at a sleeping pattern that is specifically right for you. Sleep researcher believe that genes determine our individual sleeping patterns. So you can’t train yourself to be a “short sleeper”. A 2005 study in the journal Sleep found that the more tired we get, the less tired we feel.
46. Which of the following is NOT the side effect of sleep debt?
A. Putting on weight. B. Having a bad memory.
C. Having trouble eating food. D. A temporary loss of eyesight.
47. We learn from the 2007 survey that _______.
A. Americans generally don’t have enough sleep
B. Americans sleep too much over the weekends
C. everyone is supposed to sleep for eight hours
D. most people lack two weeks of sleep every year
48. What should we do to make up for the sleep shortage?
A. We should go to sleep when we are free.
B. We should sleep for at least ten hours every day.
C. We should sleep for one or two more hours at night.
D. We should sleep day and night during the holidays.
49. Why is the intensity of the sleep important to us?
A. Our brain is resting when we are sleeping deeply.
B. Deep sleep helps our brain to fully recover.
C. We feel more relaxed when sleeping soundly.
D. Short sleep makes our body more refreshing.
50. The author seems to believe that _________.
A. the more tired we are getting, the more sleep we need
B. the sleeping patterns have nothing to do with our genes
C. it is possible for us to reduce our sleep time by training
D. it is wise for us to adapt to our natural sleeping patterns.

For those who were born in the year of the pig, good luck and much success! This is your year. When talking to a westerner, however, you’ve got to be a little careful when talk about pigs. Chinese people view the pig as a small and prosperous (rich, luckily) animal. Western ideas tend to be a little more negative.(否定).
A pig in the West is seen as a dirty , lazy and fat animal. If anyone ever called you a pig, you wouldn’t be smiling. When a person doesn’t like someone, something he will call that person a pig.
If you ever meet a Westerner who was born in the year of the pig, don’t say, “Oh , you’re a pig!” Most Westerners will be misunderstanding. They will be sure that you made some kind of mistakes. However, don’t take any chances. You might just offend someone who does not share your positive ideas about.
66. You have to be careful when you talk to a Westerner about pigs because _____.
A. they worship pigs best of all
B. they consider pigs as gad animals
C. they aren’t used to talking about pigs
D, they don’t like the topic about pigs at all
67. According to the passage we can see that Chinese people think of the pig as a _____animal.
A. clever B. rich C. good D. all the above
68. He will call someone a pig if he _____that man.
A. dislikes B. is afraid of C. looks up to D. makes fun of
69. When you call a Westerner a pig, who was born in the year of the pig, most of them _____.
A. will be angryB. will be very surprised
C. can forgive you D. may quarrel with you
70. From the passage we can conclude that ______.
A. different people have different ideas about the same thing.
B. Westerners do not like pigs as much as the Chinese do
C. In general Westerners and the Chinese don’t like pigs
D. All of the Chinese like pigs better than Westerners

An earthquake happens when two plates（板块） rub (碰撞) together. The earth plates travel in different directions and at different speeds. If one plate is slowly forced underneath the other, pressure builds up until the plates break apart. This process causes the ground to move. It is an earthquake. In other words, earth-quakes are the shaking of the earth’s surface caused by the earth’s rocky outer layer as a result of the energy stored within the earth. The strain within the rocks is suddenly released (释放).
The damage an earthquake causes depends on where it is and the time it is happening. If an unpopulated region is struck, there will be low loss of life or property. If it hits a large city, there may be many in-juries and much destruction. Many of the areas at risk are largely populated now. Major earthquakes hitting those areas today could produce terrible damage.
Actually, there are several million small earth-quakes every year. Large earthquakes such as the 1964 Alaskan quake that measured 9.2 on the Richter scale, cause millions of dollars in damage. In the last 500 years, millions of people have been killed by earth-quakes around the world — including 240,000 in the 1976 Tangshan earthquake in China.
A 60-second or less earthquake can cause devastation that continues for years after the first tremor (小震). In 1972, a series of severe earthquakes struck Managua, Nicaragua. Fifteen years later, the city still looked the way it had a week after the earthquake hit, because the country did not have the necessary money to rebuild it.
The shaking of the earth is sometimes not the greatest disaster. It is in the ensuing fires and floods that often the greatest damage occurs. In the 1906 earthquake, it was the fires caused after it that did the majority of the damage. An earthquake can also destroy dams high above a city or valleys, causing floods to sweep down and sweep away everything in their path.
61.Which of the following is the main idea of the first paragraph?
A. An earthquake comes from inside the earth.
B. The earth has great energy in storage.
C. How the earth plates move.
D. How an earthquake happens.
62.How many examples are used in the passage to show the damage and destruction earthquakes cause?
A. Three. B. Four. C. Five. D. Six.
63. Which of the following is mentioned to show that an earthquake can kill too many people?
A. The 1964 Alaskan quake. B. The 1976 Tangshan earthquake.
C. The 1972 Managua earthquake. D. The 1906 earthquake.
64. The underlined word “ensuing” in the last paragraph probably means ______.
A. causing too much heat and great damage
B. causing many injuries and much destruction
C. happening as a result of another event
D. happening suddenly and unexpectedly
65. By giving the example in Paragraph 4, the author wants to show that ______.
A. an earthquake doesn’t last long B. the damage can last long
C. people in Managua suffered too much D. Nicaragua is still a poor country

Great changes have been made in family life because of science and industry. In the past, when more Americans lived on farms, the typical family had many children. In a farm family, parents and their children often lived with grandparents. Often, too, uncles and aunts lived nearby. But when industry becomes more important than agriculture in American life, families become smaller because industry requires workers who are ready and able to move off the land and to move again whenever necessary. And large families cannot be moved from place to place as easily as smaller families can. So , at present people tend to have smaller families.
In the future, because of industrialization, a typical family will be required to move even more often than now, so families will be even smaller. The typical families may remain childless and are only made up of a man and a woman. A small number of families may take raising children as their chief work. At the same time they may also raise other people’s children, leaving those families free to move job to job.
61. The main topic discussed in the passage is _______.
A. the development of science and industry in America
B. the influence(影响) of science and industry on America families.
C. the harmful effect of industrialization
D. the social problems resulting from the highly developed science and industries in America
62. _____ are described in the passage.
A. Families of the past
B. Families of the present and of the future
C. Families of the past and of the future
D. Families of the past, the present and the future
63.According to the writer, one of the reasons that families are getting smaller in American is that _____.
A. children tend to leave their parents and grandparents when they grow up
B. people stop caring for having children
C. the need for workers who are able to move any time has been increasing
D. both old and young people like to live by themselves
64._____ will be in charge of raising children in the future.
A. most families B. all families C. social workers D. a small number of families
65. From the passage, we can conclude that _____.
A. science and industry have caused thousands of families to separate
B. children do not like to live with their parents or grandparents
C. large families can hardly exist in modern society
D. Americans are very careful in choosing their jobs

Japanese students work very hard but many are unhappy．They feel heavy pressures from their parents to do well in school．Most students are always being told by their parents to study harder so that they can have a wonderful life．Though this may be good ideas for those very bright students，it can have very bad results for many students who are not quick enough at learning．
Unfortunately，a number of students killed themselves．Others are after comfort in using drugs．Some do bad things with trouble-makers and turn to crime．Many of them have tried very hard at school but have failed in the exams and have disappointed their parents．Such students feel that they are less important and leave school before they have finished their study．
It is surprising that though most Japanese parents are worried about their children, they do not help them in any way．Many parents feel that they are not able to help their children and that it is the teachers' work to help their children．To make matters worse, a lot of parents send their children to special school called juku-cram schools．These schools are open during the evening and on weekends, and their only purpose is to prepare students to pass exams, they do not try to educate students in any real sense of the real world. It thus comes as a shock to realize that almost three quarters of the junior or high school population attend these cram schools．
Ordinary Japanese schools usually have rules about everything from the students' hair to their clothes and things in their school bag．Child psychologists now think that such strict rules often lead to a feeling of being unsafe and being unable to fit into society．They regard the rules as being harmful to the development of each student．They believe that no sense of moral values is developed and that students are given neither guidance nor training in becoming good citizens．
56．A lot of Japanese students are unhappy at school because .
A．they work very hard B．they find they can't do well at school
C．they feel unimportant D．they are under too much pressure
57．Because of their failure at school, some students take drugs to .
A．kill themselves B．seek comfort
C．disappoint their parents D．make trouble
58．What should be the best title of the passage?
A．Students' Pressure B．Students' Problems
C．The Negative（消极） Impact of Japanese Education
D．The Trouble in Japanese Schools
59．In juku-cram schools students．
A．are taken good care of by the teachers B．feel no pressure
C．are trained to pass exams D．can learn a lot of useful things
60．In ordinary Japanese schools，．
A．there are strict rules B．students feel safe
C．students can do anything D．learning is not important