Some kinds of mental skills naturally decrease as people get older. Yet research seems to show that some training can improve such skills. A recently published study also appears to attest that the good effects of training can last for many years after that training has ended.
Researchers at Johns Hopkins University in Maryland wanted to learn how long memory and thinking skills would last in older people who were trained to keep them. The people were part of the ten-year research project. They were taught methods meant to improve their memory, thinking and ability to perform everyday tasks.
More than 2,800 volunteered for the study called ACTIVE — short for Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly. Most were studied when they were more than 70 years old.
The volunteers took one of several short training classes meant to help them keep their mental abilities. One class trained participants in skills including how to remember word lists. Another group trained in reasoning. A third group received help with speed-of-processing — speed of receiving and understanding information. A fourth group — the control group did not get any training.
Earlier results had established that the training helped the participants for up to five years. Now, leading study writer George Rebok says, the research showed most of the training remained effective a full ten years later.
Professor Rebok and his team found that the people trained in reasoning and speed-of- processing did better on tests than the control group.
“We are wondering whether those effects which endured over time would still be there ten years following the training, and in fact, that's exactly what we found.,,
The effect on memory, however, seemed not to last as long. Still, the old people in any of the three classes generally reported less difficulty in performing daily activities than the control group.The total training time for the older people was between 10 and 15 hours. Which statement is false according to the text?
| A．This kind of training can only have effects on people for a few years. |
| B．The people were trained during a period of ten years. |
| C．Most of the people who were studied were more than 70 years old. |
| D．The first group were trained how to remember word lists. |
How would the old in the second group perform after receiving the trauung?
| A．Remember more words. |
| B．Understand information more quickly. |
| C．Act as poorly as before. |
| D．Perform daily activities better. |
What does the underlined word "attest" in the first paragraph mean7
A-Affect. B. Deny.
C. Prove. D. Improve. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
| A．Some Kinds of Mental Skills Naturally Decrease. |
| B．Mental Training Helped Elderly Stay Sharp for Years. |
| C．Four Groups of Old People Were Trained Mentally. |
| D．A Ten-year Research Affects Elderly. |
Merchant and passenger ships are generally required to have a life preserver for every person aboard and in many cases, a certain percentage of smaller sizes for children. According to United States requirements, life preservers must be simple in design, reversible( 可翻转的), capable of being quickly adjusted to fit the uninitiated individual, and must be so designed as to support the wearer in the water in an upright or slightly backward position.
Sufficient buoyancy(浮力) to support the wearer should be retained by the life preserver after 48 hours in the water, and it should be reliable even after long period of storage. Thus it should be made of materials resistant to sunlight, gasoline, and oils, and it should be not easily set on fire. The position in which the life preserver will support a person who jumps or falls into the water is the most important thing, as is its tendency to turn the wearer in the water from a face-down position to an upright or slightly backward position, with his face clear of the water, even when the wearer is exhausted or unconscious.
The method of adjustment to the body should be simple, and self-evident to uninitiated individuals even in the dark under the confused conditions, which follow a disaster. Thus, the life preserver should be reversible so that it is nearly impossible to set it on wrong. Catches, straps, and ties should be kept to a minimum. In addition, the life preserver must be adjustable to the wide variety of shapes and sizes of wearers, since this greatly affects the position of floating and the self-righting qualities. A suitable life preserver should also be comfortable to wear at all times, in and out of the water, not so heavy as to encourage to take it off on shipboard while the ship is in danger, nor so burdensome that it hinders a person in the water while trying to swim.
The passage is mainly about_____________.
| A．the uses of life preservers |
| B．the design of life preservers |
| C．the materials for life preservers |
| D．the buoyancy of life preservers |
According to the passage, a life preserver should be first of all, _________.
| A．adjustable | B．comfortable |
| C．self-evident | D．self-righting |
United States Coast Guard does NOT require the life preserver to be made ______.
| A．with as few strings as possible |
| B．capable of being worn on both sides |
| C．according to each wearer's size |
| D．comfortable and light to wear |
By “the uninitiated individual” (Para. 1, Line. 4) the author refers to the person ______.
| A．who has not been instructed how to use a life preserver |
| B．who has a little experience in using a life preserver |
| C．who uses a life preserver without permission |
| D．who becomes nervous before a disaster |
On a clear night, the sky is a wonderful thing. Is there life out there somewhere? Is there another place like Earth where life might exist? If so, where is it? And how far away is it?
Recently, the Kepler spacecraft found “22b”, a planet about six hundred light years away. It is the first planet in a “habitable zone” outside the solar system. That means the planet orbits(环绕) a star like our sun, but it is not too close to it, nor too far away. Because of this position, Kepler-22b might have water, one of the main things needed for life. The newly-discovered planet is about two and a half times larger than the Earth. It is closer to its star than we are to the Sun, but 22b’s sun is smaller than ours, and doesnt produce as much heat. Scientific instruments show the new planet could be made of gases, rocks or some kinds of liquids.
The Kepler spacecraft was named in honor of Johannes Kepler, the seventeenth century German astronomer. It was designed to examine a small part of the Milky Way galaxy(星系)and search for places like the Earth. It was made to inspect over 150,000 stars and measure how bright they are. It looks to see if a star’s brightness gets less over a short time.
If a planet passes between Kepler and the star, it blocks out part of the light. That is what suggested to scientists that there is at least one planet orbiting the star. The instruments on Kepler show the new planet as a small, black dot moving across its sun. An important part of the Kepler experiment is on the Earth. After the spacecraft gathers information, scientists use the telescopes on the ground.
Scientists have found over 2,300 new planets since Kepler was launched. Most are much larger, but it is the new planet’s distance from its star that is important. For life to possibly exist there, the planet’s temperature must not be too hot or too cold. What can we learn about Kepler-22b?
| A．Water must have existed on it. |
| B．It takes humans about 600 years to get there. |
| C．It is made of gases, rocks and plenty of liquids. |
| D．It is the first planet in outer space where life may survive |
The Kepler spacecraft was sent into space to
| A．show honor to Johannes Kepler |
| B．observe the changes of a star’s brightness |
| C．look for Earth-like planets in the Milky Way galaxy |
| D．measure the brightest star among 150.000 stars |
In Paragraph 4 the author mainly tells us
| A．how the Kepler system works |
| B．if the Kepler system sees a new planet |
| C．how the Kepler system shows a new planet |
| D．why an important part of the Kepler system remains on the Earth |
What can we infer from the passage?
| A．Life may exist on the new planet in another form. |
| B．It is colder on the new planet because its sun is smaller. |
| C．Life can’t exist on planets which are much larger than the Earth. |
| D．The new planet’s distance from its star decides on the possibility of life existence. |
Every year seals would crowd ashore in Farne Island and give birth to their pups. Between early October and early December, 1,500 seal pups will be born. Almost half of them will not make it past the first three weeks of life.
“The pups have to stay out of the water for the first three weeks, when they have their white coat, which is not very waterproof,” explains the warden (监察员)，who spends nine months on the Island.
“But when you’re born in November on a rock in the North Sea, it’s a tough start to life,” he said. Storms often wash young pups into the water. And occasionally, young, inexperienced mothers abandon their pups and head out to sea.
“We lost 41% last year,” said David Steel, the National Trust’s head warden on the Farne Islands. “Mother Nature certainly keeps them in check.”
Despite the early challenges for every newborn seal, the population is healthily and slowly and steadily growing. There are almost 4,000 seals on a set of islands, which is named a Special Area of Conservation(SAC), meaning it is protected under EU regulations. This successful human safeguarding of the seals’ habitat is huge turnaround(转机).
Just a few decades ago, the seal population was deliberately decimated. The animals used to be thought of as a threat to local fish stocks. During the late 1960s and 1970s, thousands of seals were shot in a cull(剔除)that aimed to protect the local fishing industry. According to the National Trust, between 1962 and 1983 approximately 2,000 adult females and 3,000 pups were shot.
But, as the fishing industry collapsed, it was gradually replaced by tourism. Today, several companies use fishing boats to take groups of people to visit the islands and admire the scenery, seabirds and, of course, the seals that make their homes in this bleakly beautiful place. In the first three weeks after they were born, almost half of the seal pups _______.
| A．would be abandoned by their mothers |
| B．would be protected by the wardens |
| C．couldn’t live independently |
| D．would die mostly in the sea water. |
According to David Steel, death of so many pups________.
| A．is a normal and natural phenomenon |
| B．is mainly caused by farmers’ killing |
| C．can be prevented efficiently by man |
| D．will be controlled by Mother Nature |
The underlined word “decimate” in Paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to ____.
| A．increase | B．kill | C．reduce | D．control |
What’s the best title for the passage?
| A．The Beautiful Farne Island |
| B．A Tough Beginning |
| C．How to Protect Grey Seals |
| D．Tourism or Fishing Industry |
Our world is full of tourist traps and crowds of people. What if you could get out ahead of the crowded people and visit a place before it started swarming with crowds of people?
José lgnacio, Uruguay
Only about 300 people actually live here, but in winter, Latin famous stars like Shakira gather here. A new luxury hotel named Bahia Vik is in the process of opening, and JoséIgnacio is preparing to host an international art festival. You can enjoy art atmosphere here and eat steaks at La Huella restaurant.
Koh Rong, Cambodia
Visiting this Cambodian island is like stepping into a screen saver. With only a few houses and some fishing villages, many people say it’s like Thailand 20 years ago when tourists landed the untouched beaches. Ferries started regularly shuttling tourists to Koh Rong only a few years ago, but things are still pretty quiet until someone plans to build an airport.
Riga, Latvia
Latvia is Europe’s best kept secret, but all has changed now since Riga was named the European Capital of Culture in 2014. The city also ranked as Europe’s cheapest destination for backpackers this year, with an average cost of just $33 per day for food, lodging, transportation and entertainment. Hurry up and peruse (研读) Old Riga and St. Peter’s tower, and get fancy at the Latvian National Opera.
Puglia, Italy
With food travel on the rise, Puglia is becoming a household name. Under the Italian cultural influences, the Mediterranean diet takes one of its purest and most delicious forms: food is locally purchased and restaurants are quaint (精致的) and are of high quality, which have good reputations.The first paragraph is used to.
| A．complain about tourist traps |
| B．introduce the topic of the text |
| C．warn readers to avoid crowded people |
| D．show how tired travelers feel after holidays |
When visiting Koh Rong, you can.
| A．take a boat to get there |
| B．eat steaks at La Huella restaurant |
| C．find there is a large beautiful airport |
| D．find it’s as developed as Thailand |
Which of the following will cost travelers least in Europe?
| A．José Ignacio, Uruguay. |
| B．Koh Rong, Cambodia. |
| C．Riga, Latvia. |
| D．Puglia, Italy. |
What can we know about Puglia?
| A．Its diet enjoys wide popularity. |
| B．Its food price is rising rapidly. |
| C．It has the most delicious food in Italy. |
| D．It has a luxury hotel named Bahia Vik. |
If you walk around any large city, you’ll find a coffee shop on every corner. Many shops offer comfortable sofas, large screen televisions and sometimes even live music. More and more teenagers are hanging out there. My pre-teen has already done so after school once a month, but she always orders fruit juice. I think she would drink coffee sooner or later, so I started doing some research online.
I found that coffee in moderation (适度) could be safe, but one thing that was constant online was the chance of becoming addicted to coffee. Coffee is one step up from soda but still not as dangerous as energy drinks or alcohol. Still, any addiction is hard to break, so I needed to come up with a plan that would protect my child.
Coffee shops offer a safe place for teenagers to hang out. As like anything else you let your children do, you need to set limits. Drinking coffee while socializing once or twice a week won’t cause a severe caffeine addiction. However, you should avoid allowing a cup of coffee every morning and ensure they get adequate sleep each night, which will make them less likely to feel the need to drink coffee.
As parents, we have responsibility to set a good example. If you’re addicted to caffeine, it’s time to start monitoring your intake. If you drink much water and keep healthier drink options in your fridge and at your dinner table, your teenager will follow you. I drink much water and so do both my children. My kids learn more from watching me do things than they will ever learn from my verbal teaching.
As a mother, I’m ready to allow my child to try coffee and we’ll talk about it and discuss the pros and cons of consuming this. I feel open communication is vital in helping them make good decisions. Although the decision to drink coffee doesn’t pose the same dangers as underage drinking, it still deserves a thoughtful conversation.The author began to do research on coffee in order to _____
| A．offer some good advice to coffee shops |
| B．guide her daughter to drink coffee properly |
| C．stop her daughter hanging out in coffee shops |
| D．let her daughter believe that fruit juice is healthy |
According to the passage, if teenagers have enough sleep, they_____
| A．won’t ache for coffee that much |
| B．won’t hang out in coffee shops |
| C．won’t drink coffee forever |
| D．will drink water instead of coffee |
What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 4 imply?
| A．The author’s children don’t like to talk with her. |
| B．The author thinks a good example functions better. |
| C．The author is living in harmony with her children. |
| D．The author doesn’t want her children to learn from her. |
Which of the following statements agrees with the author’s opinion according to the passage?
| A．Teenagers should be stopped from entering coffee shops. |
| B．Coffee shops should not offer many options to teenagers. |
| C．Teenagers’ activities in coffee shops should be limited strictly. |
| D．Parents should not force their children to stop drinking coffee. |