For good health, be sure to eat fruits and vegetables, exercise regularly and lie as seldom as possible. A researcher is hoping this advice will someday take hold, based on results of a "science of honesty" study she completed.
Half of 110 participants were told to stop telling major or minor ("white") lies for 10 weeks, while the other half (the control group) was given no special instructions about lying.
The 110 people ranged from ages 18 to 71 and came from both sexes and all income levels. All came to a laboratory each week to complete health and relationship questionnaires and to take a test showing the number of major and minor lies they had told that week.
When those in the no-lie group told three fewer white lies than in other weeks, they complained less of headaches, tenseness, anxiety and other problems than those in the control group. In addition, they reported that their close personal relationships had improved and their social interactions(交往) had gone more smoothly.
“The link was that clear," said study author Anita Kelly, a professor of psychology at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana. "Lying less was clearly associated with better health for those people."
Previous research indicates that Americans average 11 lies per week, from the little white lies to save face or falsely praise others to major lies about serious matters. Kelly said her study differs from former studies because it didn't focus on how to detect a liar, but on the potential health consequences of telling lies.
“People might recognize the more harmful effect lying can have on relationships, but probably don't recognize the extent to which it can cause a lot of stress," said Dr. Bryan Bruno at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City.
At the end of the study, some participants had created smart ways to avoid lying. Kelly noted that some realized they could simply tell the truth about their daily achievements rather than exaggerate(夸张), while others responded to a troubling question with another question to take the person’s attention away. They also stopped making false excuses for running late or failing to finish tasks.
“People usually think white lies are acceptable. In fact, white lies are trouble, not just major lies," Kelly said. "As long as you like, you can find effective ways to avoid lying in many cases. It depends on you.”
“But the goal doesn’t have to be the absolute absence of lies … the goal would be a reduction in lies,” she added.According to the author, doing the following things is good for health EXCEPT .
| A．eating fruits and vegetables | B．exercising regularly |
| C．lying as seldom as possible | D．watching TV |
The “science of honesty” study by Anita Kelly focused on .
| A．the effect lifestyles have on health. |
| B．the link between lying and health. |
| C．how to improve relationships |
| D．how to discover a liar. |
Which of the following is TRUE about the research?
| A．All the participants were adults. |
| B．The control group was asked to stop lying. |
| C．The participants had ten physical examinations. |
| D．All the participants were of the same income level. |
The finding of the research is that .
| A．white lies help to improve relationships. |
| B．few people realize lying harms their health. |
| C．Americans tell 11 lies per week on average. |
| D．Lying less results in better health mentally and physically. |
While we are on the subject of crime, our listener question this week comes from Mohamad Firouzi in Iran. He wants to know about the history of Alcatraz Island and the prison that once operated there.
Alcatraz Island is in the harbor of San Francisco, California. It is best known for being a federal prison, which was also called “The Rock.” It was once the most famous prison in America.
Alcatraz was a military prison from the late eighteen fifties until the nineteen thirties. Then it became a federal prison for the country’s worst criminals. These included murderers, bank robbers and kidnappers. One of the main reasons federal officials chose Alcatraz Island to detain these prisoners was because they thought it would be impossible for prisoners to escape.
Cold, deep and dangerous waters surround the island. Also, the distance between the island and San Francisco is too far for most humans to swim. No prisoner was ever officially reported to have successfully escaped.
However, in nineteen sixty-two, three men broke out of the prison. Each man worked very hard at night for many months to cut through the stone wall of his cell. They made false heads out of paper, paint and hair. On the night of June eleventh, the men placed the heads in their beds to make it look as if they were sleeping. Then, the prisoners escaped through the holes in their cells to get to the water. The men were never seen or heard from again. It is believed that they drowned while trying to swim to San Francisco.
The prison closed in nineteen sixty-three because of the high cost of keeping prisoners there and the need for major repairs. The last prisoners were moved to other jails.
In nineteen seventy-two, the United States Congress passed a bill creating the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. Alcatraz Island and the old prison are part of this area.
Each year, more than one million people visit Alcatraz to see the prisoners’ cells and listen to stories about the jail’s history. But unlike the prisoners who once lived there, visitors can escape from the prison whenever they want and return back across the harbor to San Francisco.The text mainly tells us________.
| A．about the history of Alcatraz Island and the prison there. |
| B．about the history of Alcatraz Island. |
| C．about a military prison. |
| D．about the subject of crime. |
Why did federal officials make Alcatraz the most famous prison in America?
| A．Because no prisoner successfully escaped from the prison. |
| B．Because Alcatraz was Alcatraz Island. |
| C．Because Alcatraz was a military prison. |
| D．Because cold, deep and dangerous waters surround the island. |
Paragraph 5 is written to ________.
| A．tell us the three prisoners escaped the prison. |
| B．prove prisoners couldn’t successfully escape from the prison . |
| C．tell us how prisoners escaped the prison. |
| D．tell us the three prisoners could make false heads out of paper, paint and hair. |
Now Alcatraz ________.
| A．is a place of interest . |
| B．detains some prisoners. |
| C．is where the United States Congress is. |
| D．is still the most famous prison. |
Human beings have a natural desire to explore the unknown. People with a strong interest in space like to say it is the last place left to explore. But scientists are warning that space exploration for long periods is not going to be easy. They say the human body is not designed to stay in space over an extended period.
The New York Times recently published a report about scientists who are preparing astronauts for a trip to the Moon. The newspaper said the scientists want to make sure that their crews return home in good health. But there are many problems to be solved before people are ready for long trips to the Moon, an asteroid or even the planet Mars.
Humans developed on a planet with a surface that is more than 70 percent water. Our bodies are also about 70 percent water. When there is no gravity that water moves up toward the head, raising pressure in the skull. Arms and legs grow weaker at what is called zero gravity because they no longer need to push against the force of gravity.
Five years ago, astronauts who spent weeks in space reported a change in their eyesight. These astronauts were members of the crew on the International Space Station. Research showed a change in the shape of their eyes. Normally-round eyeballs had become flat during time in space. The research also showed that the right eye was affected more than the left, and that men were more affected than women. Scientists could not find an explanation for the differences.
Bone loss was one of the problems first reported by astronauts returning to Earth after longer stays in space. So scientists designed exercise machines to use on the space station. Tests showed that the exercise equipment helped space travelers keep their bones almost as strong as when they left Earth.
There are other health issues for astronauts who spend a long time in space. They may have problems eating and sleeping. But the biggest health issue is exposure to radiation. On Earth, human beings are protected by the atmosphere and the planet's magnetic field. In outer space, there is no such protection.What is the main idea of the passage？
| A．Long periods in space will affect the health of astronauts. |
| B．Scientists are trying to find out how to protect astronauts. |
| C．Space is dangerous to human beings. |
| D．People shouldn’t explore space. |
What will happen to human bodies in space？
| A．Arms and legs grow stronger at what is called zero gravity |
| B．Blood moves up toward the head. |
| C．Pressure in the skull will be raised. |
| D．All of the above. |
The following are problems mentioned in the passage Except________.
| A．bone loss | B．loss of water | C．eyesight | D．exposure to radiation |
Why did scientists design exercise machines to use on the space station?
| A．To make sure that their crews return home in good health. |
| B．To help astronauts keep their bones almost as strong as when they left Earth. |
| C．To help astronauts get ready for long trips to the Moon, an asteroid or even the planet Mars. |
| D．To let astronauts adapt to the environment of space. |
What is true according to the passage?
| A．The biggest health issue is exposure to Sunshine. |
| B．Research showed a change in the size of their eyes. |
| C．The right eye was affected less than the left. |
| D．Men were more affected than women. |
My grandma whom we all called Nanny was a solid, first-generation, Italian immigrant. She came to this country with her family on a tiny ship during World War I when she was only 8 years old. During the trip she survived stormy seas，little food, and an attack by a German U-boat. After getting here, her large family worked hard to build a new life in America. They never had much money but were rich in love.
One day, when I was about 5 or 6 years old, my parents and brothers went on a trip. It was just me and Nanny in the house for the weekend. Nanny seemed so happy to be taking care of me all by herself. She made me a special breakfast that first morning. However, all I could do was to complain about how the food was not how Mom always made it. Nanny quietly put down the plate and went into the living room. I followed a minute later and saw that she had tears in her eyes. It was the first time I had ever seen my strong and proud grandmother cry and I was
the one who had caused it
I walked over to Nanny, climbed on her lap, and for the first time in my short life I did something else too. I apologized without being told to and asked Nanny to forgive me. She smiled, rubbed my head, and told me I was a good boy even though I didn't feel like one then.
That memory just like my Nanny's love will stay in my heart forever. It is a sign of both strength and wisdom. Asking for forgiveness helps us to learn, to grow, and to love.When did Nanny come to this country?
| A．DuringWorldWar II，Nanny come to America. |
| B．When she was 5，Nanny come to America. |
| C．When she was 8，Nanny come to America. |
| D．When she was 6，Nanny come to America. |
What did Nanny survived during the trip?
| A．stormy seas and an attack. |
| B．stormy seas and little food. |
| C．little food and an attack. |
| D．stormy seas, little food and an attack. |
According to the passage, what kind of person is Nanny?
| A．She is narrow-minded and lovely. |
| B．She is strong and pround. |
| C．She is kind-hearted and fragil. |
| D．She is rich and proud. |
My grandma cried one day because___________.
| A．my parents didn’t have her travel with them. |
| B．I didn’t have the special breakfast that my grandma made. |
| C．I complained about her breakfast not as good as my mother’s. |
| D．she wasn’t happy to take care of me all by herself. |
What did I learn from the experience?
| A．My Nanny's love will stay in my heart forever. |
| B．We should learn to apologize to the old. |
| C．Life is not easy for grandma. |
| D．Asking for forgiveness helps us to learn, to grow and to love. |
Before you argue with your boss, check with the boss’s secretary to determine his mood. If he ate nails for breakfast, it is not a good idea to ask him for something. Even without the boss’s secretary, there are keys to timing: don’t approach the boss when he’s on deadline; don’t go in right before lunch, when he is apt to be distracted and rushed; don’t go in just before or after he has taken a vacation.
If you’re mad, that will only make your boss mad. Calm down first. And don’t let a particular concern open the floodgates for all your accumulated frustration. The boss will feel that you think negatively about the company and it is hopeless trying to change your mind. Then, maybe he will dismiss you.
Terrible disputes can result when neither the employer nor the employee knows what is the problem the other wants to discuss. Sometimes the fight will go away when the issues are made clear. The employee has to get his point across clearly in order to make the boss understand it.
Your boss has enough on his mind without your adding more. If you can’t put forward an immediate solution, at least suggest how to approach the problem. People who frequently present problems without solutions to their boss may soon find they can’t get past the secretary.
To deal effectively with a boss, it’s important to consider his goals and pressures. If you can put yourself in the position of being a partner to the boss, then he will be naturally more inclined to work with you to achieve your goals.What is the main idea of the fourth paragraph?
| A．Present problems. |
| B．Propose your solution. |
| C．Put yourself in the boss’s position. |
| D．Make the issue clear. |
If you want to ask the boss for anything, it is important to find out first _________.
| A．how he is feeling. |
| B．whether the boss had breakfast. |
| C．whether he is on deadline. |
| D．whether he had taken a vacation. |
What is the best title of the passage?
| A．How to Propose Your Solution. |
| B．Never Give in to Your Boss. |
| C．How to Argue with Your Boss. |
| D．Learn to Understand Your Boss. |
From the passage, we can infer that_____________.
| A．you don’t go into the boss’s office when you are angry |
| B．you can present the boss with a problem only. |
| C．when you offer advice to your boss, don’t think of the troubles he may have. |
| D．when you go into the boss’s office, keep your voice all the time. |
It is necessary to make clear to the boss ___________.
| A．what problems he has. |
| B．why you are mad. |
| C．what position you are in the company. |
| D．what you really want to talk to him about |
You might think that Western students are less shy when it comes to mingling with the opposite sex, but the truth is that pupils in the UK can feel just as awkward. Britons are actually quite reserved and being at university can make them feel out of their comfort zone. Everyone finds it difficult to talk to the other gender on campus.
However, there is a way of dealing with this shyness in Britain, and it is called “Freshers Week”. Freshers Week is designed to help people socialize and lose their inhibitions(顾虑；抑制力). It is a one-week long party for first year students to welcome them before lectures and coursework begin.
I remember my first week at university - it was terrifying. I looked at the schedule for Freshers Week and was amazed at how much was planned. Every hall of residence organizes its own events to help students become friends with the people they live with. My hall was called “Goldney Hall” and the week ahead included a talent show, a comedy night, and themed parties, including one for which we had to dress up as golfers.
The first event I went to was a school kids party at which everyone dressed up as if they were in school. This party encouraged me to talk to all the people on my floor. One boy, who lived opposite my room, was very handsome and I felt nervous speaking to him at first. But when we met at the party dressed in silly school outfits, I remember feeling a lot more relaxed speaking to him.
It sounds strange, but drinking and dressing up seems to be how Britons overcome their shyness at university. My Freshers Week was hectic, but I managed to forget how scared I was.
One thing’s for sure: nothing helps you lose your inhibitions(顾虑；抑制力) quite like dressing up as a golfer – complete with a golf club, checked hat and tweed jacket!What does the underlined phrase mean in the fifthparagraph?
| A．scared | B．disappointed | C．happy | D．very busy |
In Britain, universities organize the “Freshers Week”to__________.
| A．help the first year students to get rid of the shyness. |
| B．help the first year students to know about the campus. |
| C．intruduce the teachers to the first year students. |
| D．help the first year students to adapt to the campus life as soon as possible. |
Which of the following statements is true according to the paragraph?
| A．My first week life at university was happy. |
| B．The Western students also don’t know what to do when they meet the opposite sex. |
| C．Drinking and dressing up is how Britons overcome their scare at university. |
| D．Dressing up as a golfer can’t help you overcome the shyness. |
What is the main idea of the paragraph?
| A．My first year in the university. |
| B．What is the “Freshers Week”? |
| C．My busy first week campus life. |
| D．How to get rid of the first year students’ shyness. |
Why did the school kids dressed up as if they were in school in the party?
| A．because they felt a lot more relaxed speaking to others. |
| B．because they felt shy speaking to others. |
| C．because they felt nevous speaking to others. |
| D．because they felt frightened speaking to others. |