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Clive Roberts．a director at ELS Educational Services，says English tests are changing greatly in response to the global growth in the use of English as a lingua franca—the common language used among people with I different native languages．For that reason，a lot of new tests are being developed while old tests are being improved to meet the needs of universities and employers worldwide.
Changes in language testing
“A lot of tests are now delivered online，all four skills are being tested，in some cases，by computer，in particular speaking and writing skills，which are the most difficult to assess on a computer environment，”says Mr.Roberts.
Computer testing will reduce the length of time required for testing，because the tests adjust to the test-taker’s ability．These computer-adaptive tests also increase accuracy in scoring．Computer-a- daptive tests change depending on the test-taker’s responses．They can become more or less difficult during the testing session．For this reason，the set of correct answers will be different for each test-taker．
Cultural sensitivity
Another change to language testing relates to cultural sensitivity．The term refers to material on a test that is based on a certain culture or is hard for test-takers from different cultures to understand．
Mr．Roberts says test development companies are now hiring people with intercultural communication backgrounds to review test items．The companies want to make sure the test does not upset test-takers．
Proficiency(精通程度)in language
Changes to English proficiency tests make them better at measuring the learners’ability．However，Mr．Roberts says the changes may mean the tests are more difficult for some students．
“The tests have become more proficiency-oriented．The items are being designed in such a way that they test real-world proficiency and not simply sort of an artificial environment or a specific set of skills that are taught in a classroom．So a lot of authentic texts，a lot of authentic listening passages are being used．”
The changes mean students have to be able to understand English the way it is used in everyday life，not just in textbooks．
Which of the following can best replace the underlined words“a lingua franca”in Paragraph l?

A．a universal language	B．a second language
C．a native language	D．a mother tongue

Which of the following is true about online English tests?

A．Listening is more difficult to be tested online than speaking．

B．Online English tests need more time．

C．Online English tests make scoring more accurate．

D．Online English tests are more difficult．

Why is proficiency stressed in language testing?

A．To make the test more difficult．

B．To get learners to learn textbooks well．

C．To test learners’speaking ability．

D．To test learners’real ability to use the language．

which words can best describe the new English tests?

A．More accurate but easier．

B．Less practical but harder．

C．Better but harder．

D．Less popular but easier．

Guide dogs help blind people who cannot get around by themselves．Although Yorkshire terriers and poodles are good companion dogs，guide dogs ale chosen from lager breeds(品种)such as German shepherds，golden retrievers，and Labrador retrievers．The young dogs are raised by families until they are eighteen months old．During this time，they get lots of love and attention，but they are also taught to obey．Then the dogs go to a special school where，for four months，they work with a sighted trainer，an individual who can see．The dog forms a close relationship with this person who teaches it how to follow directions such as right，left，straight ahead，and stop．The young dos also learns to watch out for dangerous traffic and wait until it is safe to cross a busy street.
When the dog is two years old，it starts training with the blind person it will live with. The dog and its new owner make many trips from downtown to where the blind person lives so the dog becomes familiar with the normal atmosphere．During the training，a sighted trainer always remains with them. A blind person who is getting a guide dog for the first time will train for about a month. If the individual has had a dog before，the training takes about three weeks．After the training，the blind person depends on the guide dog for between seven and twelve years．At that point，the working dog become a family pet and the owner needs to train with a younger guide dog．
Which breed would NOT be trained as a guide dog?

A．A Yorkshire terrier．	B．A golden retriever.
C．A German shepherd．	D．A Labrador．

What does the guide dog learn to do during the training?

A．Associate directions with food.

B．Play with young children．

C．Stay away from busy streets．

D．Look out for traffic problems．

Who gives the dogs training at the special school?

A．A sighted trainer.	B．Other blind people.
C．A traffic peliceman．	D．The school director．

What’s this passage mainly about?

A．The time spent training a guide dog．

B．The importance of having a guide dog．

C．The process of training a guide dog.

D．The way of choosing a guide dog.

Camp Takajo
Camp Season：June 20，2015 to August 15，2015
Camp Address：60 Takajo Road Naples，Maine 04055 USA
Phone：(207)693-6675
Off-Season Address：34 Maple Avenue Armonk，New York 10504 USA
Phone：(914)273-5020
Camp Takajo provides an upbringing environment for campers ，improving their sense of abilities and self-worth．We provide opportunities to explore all aspects of their personalities，encouraging them to take risks and expand their boundaries．By summer’s end，we hope that our campers can describe themselves in more positive and concrete terms than they did upon arrival．
We can help our boys develop：
Respect for oneself and others
Camp Takajo teaches the importance of making moral choices，forming tolerance and respect for others．Daily team games create all atmosphere of cooperation rather than“win-at-all-costs”．
Courage to face new challenges
Our diverse program of arts and sports provide an opportunity for campers to master skills of each activity．Campers participate in all activities that are offered at camp．Our ropes course and rock-climbing departments allow campers to see the importance of cooperation and perseverance in achieving their goals．
A sense of pride in belonging to a larger group
Campers are part of an age group．Older campers model appropriate behavior as they assume leadership positions．
An appreciation of nature
Our boys have opportunities to explore the natural beauty of Maine and New Hampshire on hiking and，boating．
If you want to get in touch with Camp Takjo on October 15，you should_____．

A．dial(914)273-5020

B．dial(207)693-6675

C．go to 60 Takajo Road Naples，Maine

D．go to New Hampshire

Who are the intended campers of Camp Takajo?

A．Babies

B．Girls

C．Adults

D．Boys

Campers can develop the following character-building skills except_______．

A．cooperation	B．competition
C．perseverance	D．1eadership

Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways. The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society. There are more ideas, more disagreements in interest, and more groups and organizations with different beliefs. In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies. All these factors （因素）tend to promote social change by opening more areas of life to decision. In a society where people are similar in many ways, there are fewer situations for people to see the need or the chance for change because everything seems to be the same. And although conditions may not be satisfactory, they are at least customary and clear.
Within a society, social change is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material aspects, for example, in technology rather than in values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; in the simple elements（要素）rather than in the complex ones; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in strange ones.
Besides, social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with a sharp division. This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities, because of the sharp difference in appearance between them and their white fellows.
The underlined part “greater tolerance” in Paragraph 1 probably refers to “________”.

A．quicker adaptation to changing conditions

B．greater willingness to accept social change

C．more respect for different beliefs and behavior

D．greater readiness to agree to different conditions

Why is social change less likely to occur in a society where people are similar in many ways?

A．They are so conservative that they tend to slow down social change.

B．They can easily get what they want in the material aspect of society.

C．They are so used to their conditions that they seldom want to change.

D．They have similar needs that can be satisfied without much difficulty.

Which of the following factors probably tends to promote social change fast?

A．Different points of view.

B．Traditional values.

C．Sharp divisions in relations.

D．Similar appearances.

What is this passage mainly discussing?

A．Two different kinds of society.

B．Consequences of social change.

C．The importance of social change.

D．Certain factors affecting social change.

There are a growing number of pet owners who feed their pets on raw, which means, “uncooked” meat and bones. William Burk, a pet food specialist from the Food and Drug Administration （FDA）, believes that feeding raw meat to pets is against its goal of protecting the public from health dangers, and that raw meat and bones do not have all the required nutrition that a pet needs every day.
Recognizing how popular these foods are, the FDA has provided guidelines for producers of pet foods which contain uncooked meat for dogs, cats and other pets. The guidelines give rules to protect pet owners and pets from dangers about food safety and lack of nutrition.
Pet owners who feed raw meat and bones to their pets should deal with these products very carefully to protect themselves against possible dangers, says Burk. Just as when you are preparing foods for human beings, use hot water and soap to wash your hands, containers, and surfaces that come into contact with the food. Don’t put your hands near your mouth until you have washed them, and don’t allow your pet to touch your face right after it has eaten raw meat.
“If pet owners choose to feed bones to their pets, they should watch their pets carefully when they are eating bones,” Burk says. “If a pet eats a big piece of bone that won’t pass through its digestive system（消化系统）, it is likely to kill the pet.”
What does William Burk think of feeding pets on raw meat?
A. It’ll make the pet owners sick.
B. It’ll keep the pets’ wild nature.
C. It’s against the policy of tile FDA.
D. It’s dangerous and lack of nutrition.
The FDA has provided guidelines for producers of pet foods with raw meat because ________.

A．pet safety is a serious problem

B．most pets are lack of nutrition

C．feeding pets on raw is popular

D．the quality of pet foods is dropping

Those who feed pets on raw should do some necessary cleaning when ________.

A．preparing raw meat for pets

B．touching the food containers

C．taking their pets out for a walk

D．preparing foods for human beings

What suggestion is given to pet owners in the last paragraph?

A．Pets should be forbidden to eat raw bones.

B．Pets should be kept away from the raw meat.

C．Pets should be checked on their digestive system.

D．Pets should be watched carefully while eating bones.