C
Choosing the Right Resolution (决定)
Millions of Americans began 2014 with the same resolution they started 2013 with, a goal of losing weight. However, setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake.
To reach our goal of losing weight --- the output, we need to control what we eat --- the input ( 输入). That is, we tend to care about the output but not to control the input. This is a bad way to construct goals. The alternative is to focus your resolution on the input. Instead of resolving to lose weight, try an actionable resolution: “I’ll stop having dessert for lunch,” or “I’ll walk every day for 20 minutes.” Creating a goal that focuses on a well-specified input will likely be more effective than concentrating on the outcome.
Recently a new science behind incentives (激励) , including in education, has been discussed. For example, researcher Roland Fryer wanted to see what works best in motivating children to do better in school. In some cases, he gave students incentives based on input, like reading certain books, while in others, the incentives were based on output, like results on exams. His main finding was that incentives increased achievement when based on input but had no effect on output. Fryer’s conclusion was that the intensives for inputs might be more effective because students do not know how to do better on exam, aside from general rules like “study harder.” Reading certain books, on the other hand, is a well-set task over which they have much more control.
As long as you have direct control over your goal, you have a much higher chance of success. And it’s easier to start again if you fail, because you know exactly what you need to do.
If you want to cut down on your spending, a good goal would be making morning coffee at home instead of going to a cafe, for example. This is a well-specified action-based goal for which you can measure your success easily. Spending less money isn’t a goal because it’s too general. Similarly, if you want to spend more time with your family, don’t stop with this general wish. Think about an actionable habit that you could adopt and stick to, like a family movie night every Wednesday.In the long run, these new goals could become a habit.The writer thinks that setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake because_______ .
| A．it is hard to achieve for most Americans |
| B．it is focused too much on the result |
| C．it is dependent on too many things |
| D．it is based on actionable decisions |
In Roland Fryer’s research, some students did better than the others because _________ .
| A．they obeyed all the general rules |
| B．they paid more attention to exams |
| C．they were motivated by their classmates |
| D．they were rewarded for reading some books |
According to the writer, which of the following statements is a good goal?
| A．“I’ll give up dessert.” |
| B．“I’ll study harder.” |
| C．“I’ll cut down my expense” |
| D．“I’ll spend more time with my family” |
The writer strongly believes that we should ________ .
| A．develop good habits and focus on the outcome |
| B．be optimistic about final goals and stick to them |
| C．pick specific actions that can be turned into good habits |
| D．set ambitious goals that can balance the input and output |
In 2005, a local tourist reported seeing a strange object in the Tianchi Lake. 52-year-old Zheng Changchun, his daughter and his son-in-law were enjoying the scenery in the western side of Changbai Mountain. Suddenly, in the middle of the lake, zheng saw a strange, black object showing up from the water and disturbing(搅乱) the calm surface of the lake.
“I was so excited and shouted loudly that there was a monster in the lake,” said Zheng.
Immediately Zheng took his camcorder(摄像录像机) and managed to record the whole process on film, but it quickly disappeared under the water.
Zheng said that when they climbed to the top of the mountain above the Tianchi Lake at about 10 am, it was covered with thick fog which suddenly gave way to bright sunshine. The glassy surface of the lake was perfect for taking photos.
In the one-minute film shot by Zheng, a black object could be seen appearing from the water in the same place three times. It stayed on the water for just a few seconds, before it finally disappeared.
“We were more than 1,000 meters away so it was difficult to see it clearly, but I would say what we saw above water was the size of the head of an adult ox. And I did notice that every time it appeared form the water, there were ripples (涟漪) on the surface of the lake.”Where did the strange object appear? (No more than 9 words)
____________________________________________________________________________How did Zheng Changchun feel at the sight of the strange object?(no more than 3 words)
____________________________________________________________________________What could people see in the one-minute film shot by Zheng Changchun?(no more than 14 words)
___________________________________________________________________________According to the passage, what was the object like?(no more than 7 words)
___________________________________________________________________________
I was a medical student. To gather data for my paper, I started visiting patients at Dr Sardjito Hospital, where I would review the medical records of patients and then interview them.
One evening, I was in a ward(病房), desperately “hunting” for the final three patients I needed to complete my study. Holding a patient questionnaire, I walked towards a room. A patient called Ms A was lying in bed, clearly still weak. There were no relatives or friends with her. Even the bed beside her was empty. I sat down on a chair next to her bed, and in a low voice I introduced myself and asked if I could gather some additional information from her. She agreed. After I finished, I prepared to leave. Before I could stand up, Ms A said, “I haven’t seen you here before, doctor. Are you new?” “Not really, Madam. It’s just that I don’t come here every day,” I replied. Ms A started talking about herself. She shared her difficulties and sufferings, talked about her husband, who was killed in a car accident, and that she struggled to earn money. All I did was nod my head as a way of showing my sympathy.
Without realizing it, I had begun holding Ms A’s hand. Finally, Ms A stopped talking. “I’m very sorry for keeping you here to listen to my problem, but I feel relieved now. I had no one to pour out my problems to.” Tears fell from the corner of her eyes. Finally, I knew what to say. “It’s OK, Madam. It’s part of my duty.” I stood up and waved goodbye. A few days later, when I returned to the ward, I discovered Ms A had left the hospital as her condition had improved.
Ms A taught me the most important lessons a doctor can learn. Sometimes patients do not need expensive medicine. They just need someone with the patience and willingness to lend an ear and spare a little of their time.Why did the author interview the patients at Dr Sardjito Hospital?
| A．Because it was the duty as a medical student. |
| B．Because she needed medical information for her paper. |
| C．Because she was going to get a good position there soon. |
| D．Because she wanted to learn about the suffering of patients. |
From Paragraph 2 we can infer that Ms A was feeling________.
| A．relaxed | B．annoyed |
| C．nervous | D．lonely |
What do we know about Ms A from the passage?
| A．She had lost her husband and kids |
| B．She got hurt in a traffic accident |
| C．she was living in a hard condition |
| D．she didn’t get on well with others |
Ms A tended to think that _________.
| A．the author was kind and patient enough to share her sufferings |
| B．other doctors treated her in a cold way |
| C．she shouldn’t talk about her difficulties to doctors |
| D．doctors ought to learn how to cure her psychological (精神上的) problems |
What conclusion did the author draw after interviewing Ms A?
| A．A doctor must learn how to treat each patient equally. |
| B．Her psychological treatment made Ms A recover quickly. |
| C．Listening is sometimes the best thing a doctor can do for a patient. |
| D．It is the doctors’ duty to receive whatever patients say. |
Will it matter if you don't take your breakfast? Recently a test was given in the United States. Those tested included people of different ages, from 12 to 83. During the experiment, these people were given all kinds of breakfasts, and sometimes they got no breakfast at all. Special tests were set up to see how well their bodies worked when they had eaten a certain kind of breakfast. The results show that if a person eats a proper breakfast, he or she will work with better effect than if he or she has no breakfast. This fact appears to be especially true if a person works with his brains. If a student eats fruit, eggs, bread and milk before going to school, he will learn more quickly and listen with more attention to class.
Opposite to what many people believe, if you don't eat breakfast, you will not lose weight. This is because people become so hungry at noon that they eat too much for lunch, and end up gaining weight instead of losing. You will probably lose more weight if you reduce your other meals.During the test, those who were tested were given ________.
| A．no breakfast at all |
| B．very rich breakfast |
| C．little food for breakfast |
| D．different breakfast or none |
The results of the test show that ________.
| A．breakfast has great effect on work and studies |
| B．breakfast has little to do with a person’ s work |
| C．a person will work better if he has a simple breakfast |
| D．those working with brains should have much for breakfast |
The passage mentions that many people believe that if you don't eat breakfast, you will _________.
| A．lose weight | B．not lose weight |
| C．be healthier | D．gain a lot of weight |
Which of the following is Not true according to the passage?
| A．Poor breakfasts affect those who work with brains. |
| B．Morning diet may cause one to get fatter. |
| C．Reducing lunch and supper is of less value in weight losing. |
| D．Eating less in lunch and supper may help to lose weight. |
According to the passage, if a student does not eat breakfast, ___________.
| A．he will fall ill |
| B．he will fail to listen to his teacher |
| C．he will not make progress in his study |
| D．his mind will work more slowly |
In most parts of the world, many students help their schools make less pollution. They join “environment clubs”. In an environment club, people work together to make our environment clean.
Here are some things students often do.
No-garbage (垃圾) lunches. How much do you throw away after lunch? Environment clubs ask students to bring their lunches in bags that can be used again. Every week they will choose the classes that make the least garbage and report them to the whole school.
No-car day. On a no-car day, nobody comes to school in a car. Not the students and not the teachers! Cars give pollution to our air, so remember: work jump, bike and run. Use your legs! It’s lots of fun..
Turn off the water! Did you know that some toilets can waste twenty to forty cubic(立方) meters of water an hour? In a year, that would fill a small river! In environment clubs, students mend those broken toilets. We love our environment. Let’s work together to make it clean.Environment clubs ask students __________.
| A．to run to school every day |
| B．to take exercise every day |
| C．not to forget to take cars |
| D．to use lunch bags |
From the passage we know the students usually have lunch_________.
| A．at school | B．in shops |
| C．in chubs | D．at home |
After students mend toilets, they save__________.
| A．a small river | B．a club |
| C．water in cubic meters | D．a toilet |
The writer wrote the passage to ask the students to___________.
| A．clean school | B．make less pollution |
| C．join clubs | D．help teachers |
Which of the following statements is true?
| A．On No-car day, only the teachers can go to school in their cars. |
| B．In the clubs, students usually work together to make the earth less polluted. |
| C．The water in the toilet can fill a river. |
| D．Students can take their lunch in paper, so they can throw it after lunch. |
Once I came to the city near my hometown to find a job. I met all kinds of and so I used up all my money soon.
One day, I a bus quietly at dusk when most people got off work. Suddenly, a cried loudly, “Someone has my money!” I felt , because his money was in my hand. Some people suggested the bus be driven to the police station, but some were against it because they were in a hurry to go back home. The whole bus was very . The driver then the bus by the road and turned on the lights to search for the money. At that time, one passenger said, “Turn off the lights and give the thief a chance to take out the money.” Then the bus got . When I was still struggling in mind whether to take out the money or not, the lights were on again. There was no on the floor. Someone said again, “Give him one more chance.” Then the lights were off again. My heart kept beating fast. The lights were on again but they got the same . The passengers were in heated discussion again. At that time, someone said again, “Give him the last chance!” Suddenly I felt awakened and took out all the money when the lights were off again.
For many years I have felt grateful to the one who gave me three chances to my mistake.
When the first and second opportunities come, you may not be prepared well or don’t have enough to act. When the third opportunity comes you should know clearly what you should do.
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