Abby Subark is a mother of two from Boston. “For my kids, I’m nervous. I don’t know if they’ll be able to achieve their American dream.” She may be right. More than hard work or education, the best way to get rich in America is to be born rich.
It is the case that somebody who is in the upper third of income, poor scores, in the bottom on tests when they are in eighth grade, is more likely to go to college and finish college than a poor kid with the top scores. That’s what the working persons’ children are faced with.
The Economic Policy Institute finds it would take a poor couple with 2 children 9 or 10 generations to achieve middle class status. That’s about 200 years. The typical feature of American opportunity has always been the ability to do better than your parents. But compared with similar developed countries, the United States ranks fifth out of six for so-called intergenerational mobility (变动).
If you look at the mechanisms (机制) for upward mobility that were so readily available 50 years ago, they are becoming out of reach, like plentiful factory jobs with good wages and affordable education and health care.
White families are twice as likely as blacks to be upwardly mobile. For most people in America today, where you end up depends on where you start.
If you started in the middle-income class, about 40 to 45 percent of what you are making right now is due to the fact that your parents were in the middle-income class. The rest is up to you.
But for the millions of people who find themselves below the poverty line and the millions more who are the working poor, their starting point for 
the American dream leaves them painfully far away from the middle class.
71. The main idea of the passage is _______.
A. How the middle class comes about in the U.S.
B. It’s hard to realize the American dream for the poor.
C. Wealth and social status depend on family background.
D. Upward mobility in America is never easy.
Which of the statements is NOT TRUE according to the passage?
A. People used to have job opportunities and welfare for upward mobility.
B. A great many poor people can hardly realize their American dream.
C. You can make all your dreams come true in America if born rich.
D. Rich kids are more likely to go to college than poor kids.
73. The underlined sentence “where you end up depends on where you start” most probably means _______.
A. Your starting point cannot determine your destination.
B. Only a high goal can ensure success.
C. One’s birth has nothing to do with his fate.
D. One’s family lays solid foundation for his future achievements.
Why is Abby Subark nervous?
A. Her kids don’t want to compare with other rich kids in achievements.
B. Her kids don’t want to achieve success at all.
C. Her kids can achieve success through hard work and education.
D. Her kids can’t reach their goal without a rich family.
What can we infer after reading the passage?
A. Poverty causes people much pain.
B. People below the poverty line can never be in the middle class.
C. Lower starting point makes it hard for people to realize their dream.
D. Poor people’s starting point is too low.
Jeremy Wirick, 9, has been back in school for less than two months, but he has already had several asthma(哮喘)attacks. A recent attack happened on October 2, after he pushed himself too hard in physical exercise. Running, power walking, jogging and push-ups took their toll. When Jeremy got home an hour or two later, he was out of breath. He needed to use a nebulizer（喷雾器）, a machine that helps send medicine quickly to the lungs, to get his breathing back to normal.
Asthma attacks like Jeremy increase in September and October. More than six times as many asthma sufferers who are primary-school age need hospital treatment in the fall as in the summer.
Experts believe many factors can cause back-to-school asthma. Kids get together in close spaces, they start passing viruses around. A viral infection(感染) can cause an asthma attack. There are also certain fall allergies(过敏症)tha
t can cause attacks. Exercise is another common cause of an attack. Besides, the stress of school can make asthma worse.
Parents can play a big role in helping kids with asthma start the school year right. Dawne Gee’s 10-year-old son, Alexander, has had asthma since he was a baby. Before the school year starts, she tells school workers in writing about her son’s asthma.
The Gees live in Kentucky, which has passed laws allowing students to carry their asthma medication(药物治疗)with them at school. Alexander’s mom makes sure he has his inhaler(人工呼吸器)with him when he goes to school and that he keeps it on hand at all times. In Delaware, where Jeremy lives, kids are allowed to carry their inhalers at school.
The American Lung Association says that about 6.2 million American children suffer from asthma. Asthma is the chronic (慢性) illness that causes students to miss the most days of school. There are many things that schools can do to help students control their asthma The passage mainly deals with _______.
| A．how to prevent and treat Asthma |
B．what Asthma is and its medication |
| C．the side-effects Asthma has on kids | D．the causes of Asthma and how to control it at school |
By saying “Running, power walkin
g, jogging and push-ups took their toll.”, the writer means that_____.
| A．physical exercise affected their health |
| B．physical exercise gave them a deep thought |
| C．asthma attacks made them like physical exercise |
| D．asthma attacks could be cured through physical exercise |
Which of the following statements is NOT supported by the passage?
| A．Kids are likely to suffer asthma attacks in the fall |
| B．Stress can add to the risk of asthma attacks |
| C．Medication can cure asthma quickly |
| D．Asthma attacks will need necessary medical treatment |
The passage lists many factors that cause asthma attacks except_____.
| A．A viral infection | B．unhealthy habits | C．certain fall allergies | D．physical exercise |
The following paragraph is probably going to talk about______.
| A．tips on asthma for schools |
B．a survey on students with asthma |
| C．the effects asthma has on students | D．further understanding of Asthma |
Recently Dr. Cleiman has proved that everyone has a daily energy cycle. During the hours when you labor through your work, you may say that you are “hot”. That is true, the time of day when you feel most energetic (full of energy) is when your cycle of body temperature is at its peak(top). For some people the peak comes during the forenoon(上午前). For others it comes in the afternoon or evening. No one has discovered why this is so.
Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what this energy cycle means and which cycle each member of the family has.
You cannot change your cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better. “Habits can help,” Dr. Cleiman believes. If your energy cycle is low in the morning but you have an important job early in the day, rise before your usual hour, and then you will work better at your low point.
Get off to a slow start which saves your energy. Get up with a lazy yawn(哈欠) and stretch. Sit on the edge of bed before putting your feet on the floor. Avoid the troublesome searching for clean clothes by laying them out the night before. Dr. Cleiman did
not explain in the passage ___________.
| A．how people can make their life fit their cycle |
B．whether everyo ne has a daily cycle or not |
| C．why people have their energy cycle of body at different times |
D．what will happen in the family if the couple fail to realize which cycle each member has |
For what reason may husbands and wives quarrel with each other?
| A．Either of them gets up late in the morning. |
| B．Husbands and wives have different cycles of energy. |
| C．Either of them wants to change the cycle of the other’s. |
| D．They do not know which cycle they themselves have. |
According to the passage,____________.
| A．one should get up earlier if he wants to work better at his low point in the morning |
| B．one can change his cycle |
| C．whenever you feel hot, your energy cycle reaches the highest |
| D．your cycle must be in the morning if you can get up early |
Which of the following can save your energy in the morning?
| A．Getting up late. | B．Jumping out of bed as quickly as possible. |
| C．Looking for clean clothes. | D．Sitting for a while before getting out of bed. |
Which of the following statements is wrong?
| A．If you know your cycle you can make good use of time. |
| B．If you know your cycle you can change it to fit your life. |
| C．Father and son do not necessarily have the same cycle. |
| D．Having a habit of doing something can make people affected less by their energy cycle. |
For centuries, the body’s blood has been linked closely with the emotions．People who show no human emotions or feelings, are said to be cold-blooded killer．For example, the police are searching for a cold-blooded killer．He seems to kill for no reason, and no emotion, as if taking someone’s life as nothing．
Cold can affect other parts of the body．The expression “get cold feet” has nothing to do with cold or your feet．The expression means being afraid to do something you have decided to do．For example, you agree to be president of an organization．But then you learn that all the other officers have resigned, and all the work of the organization will be your responsibility．You are likely to get cold feet about being president when you understand the situation.
The expression “give someone the cold shoulder” probably comes from the physical act of turning your back toward someone, instead of speaking to him face to face．You may give a cold shoulder to a friend who has not kept a promise he made to you．Or, to someone who has lied about you to others．
A cold fish is not a fish．It is a person．But it is a person who is unfriendly, unemotional and shows no love or warmth．A cold fish does not offer much of himself to anyone．Someone who is a cold fish could be cold-hearted．Now a cold-hearted person is someone who has no sympathy(同情心)．Several popular songs in recent years were about cold-hearted men or cold-hearted women who, without feelings, broke the hearts of their lovers．
Out in the cold means not getting something that everybody else got．A person might say that everybody but him got a pay raise---he was left out in the cold．And it is not a pleasant place to be．There are _________ expressions related to cold that are mentioned in the passage．
| A．3 | B．4 | C．6 | D．7 |
When you refuse to speak to a man and treat him in a distant way, you may express by “_________”．
| A．I give him the cold shoulder | B．I think he is a cold-blooded man |
| C．I think he is a cold fish | D．I’m likely to get cold feet |
If Sue shows absolutely no reaction（反应） to those awful pictures of starving children in Africa, you will say
_________．
| A．she is a cold-blooded killer | B．she gets cold feet |
| C．she is a cold fish | D．she is out in the cold |
We can use the expression “__________” to describe a man who hurts his lover without mercy．
| A．cold-blooded | B．cold shoulder | C．cold feet | D．cold-hearted |
The topic of this passage is about _________．
| A．the relationship between cold and our body |
| B．some expressions about friendship |
| C．some expressions connected with cold |
| D．how cold weather comes into being |
It has been found that less than one shopper in five makes a complete shopping list before going to the store. The reason for this is that seven out of ten of today’s purchases(购买) are decided in the store, where the shoppers tend toward impulse(冲动) buying. Buying groceries on impulse had risen for the past forty years, and this rise has coincided(巧合) with the growth of self-service shopping. However, in grocery stores where clerks wait on customers there is much less impulse buying. It is hard for people to buy on impulse if they have to address a clerk.
Psychologists have joined forces with merchandising(商品) experts. It is their job to persuade people to buy products which they may not need or even want until they see them attractively presented. It was discovered by the psychologists that shoppers want help in their purchases. Having so many choices confuses them, and they prefer the package that attracts them. Therefore, it is now more usual for food packers to pay attention to their package design. Attraction depends heavily on the position of the product on the shelf, however. Thus, persuading the shopper to buy is easier if the product is located at eye-level.According to the information in the first paragraph, ______ make a complete list.
| A．only five shoppers | B．less than twenty percent of the shoppers |
| C．only ten percent of the shoppers | D．not even five percent of the shoppers |
The reason for the above mentioned phenomenon is that _______.
| A．people have difficulty making up their mind before going shopping |
| B．people don’t know what is available in the store |
| C．people tend to decide on buying products when they see them |
| D．people are easily deceived(欺骗) by the attractive products |
In grocery stores where customers are served there is less impulse shopping. This may be because ________.
| A．the clerks ignore the customers |
| B．the clerks are too eager to serve the customers |
| C．the stores have to send the shopper’s purchases to his house |
| D．customers hesitate to ask for help if they haven’t decided what to buy |
Shoppers tend to buy the products put on _______.
| A．the top shelf | B．the bottom shelf |
| C．the shelf which people can see easily | D．the shelf where there is less confusion |
Which of the following might be the best title for this passage?
| A．Psychologists and Merchandising Experts. | B．Impulse Buying. |
| C．The more Products the More Confusion. | D．Self-service Shopping. |
Of all the areas of learning the most important is the development of attitudes. Emotional reactions as well as logical thought processes affect the behavior of most people.
“The burnt child fears the fire” is one instance; another is the rise of figures like Hitler. Both these examples point up the fact that attitudes come from experience. In the one case the experience was direct and impressive; in the other it was indirect and gradual.
The classroom teacher in the elementary school is in strategic position to influence attitudes. This is true partly because children acquire attitudes from those adults whose word they respect.
Another reason it is true is that pupils often search somewhat deeply into a subject in school that has only been touched upon at home or has possibly never occurred to them before. To a child who has previously acquire little knowledge of Mexico, his teacher’s method of handling such a unit would greatly affect his attitude toward Mexicans.
The teacher can develop proper attitudes through social studies, science matters, the very atmosphere of the classroom, etc. However, when children come to school with undesirable attitudes, it is unwise to attempt to change their feelings by criticizing them. The teacher can achieve the proper effect by helping them obtain constructive experience.
To illustrate, first-grade pupils, afraid of policemen will probably change their attitudes after a classroom talk with the neighborhood officer in which he explains how he protects them. In the same way, a class of older children can develop attitudes through discussion, research, outside reading and all-day trips.
Finally, a teacher must constantly evaluate her own attitudes, because her influence can be harmful she has personal prejudices. This is especially true in respect to controversial issues and questions of which children should be encouraged to reach their own decisions as result of objective analysis of all the facts.The author uses the phrase “the burnt child fears the fire” in order to __________.
| A．stress the importance of keeping child from the fire |
| B．exemplify（例证） the opinion that attitudes come from experience |
| C．illustrate the important role of attitudes towards study in the early childhood |
| D．none of the above |
According to the author, teachers may have great influence on children’s attitudes because___________.
| A．they can use marks to judge students |
| B．they can control students’ behavior |
| C．they may judge a student from their own likes and dislikes |
| D．their words are usually respected by the children |
Through which of the following factor a teacher CANNOT develop proper attitudes of students?
| A．Social studies | B．Science matters |
| C．The very atmosphere of the classroom | D．Criticism of children’s behavior |
In the author’s opinion, a teacher must constantly evaluate her own attitudes because_______.
| A．her personal attitudes may affect her students if she is prejudiced |
| B．she need to improve herself too |
| C．she is also often influenced by her students |
| D．she may not have a constant attitude towards some controversial sues（控诉） |
The main readers of this passage may be ___________.
| A．psychologists conducting complicated experiments |
| B．parents who have children in school |
| C．school teachers |
| D．students in primary school |