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第三部分 阅读理解(共15小题,每小题2分,满分30分)
阅读下面短文,从每题所给的四个选项A、B、C、D中,选出最佳选项。
Social customs and ways of behaving changes. Things which were considered impolite many years ago are now acceptable. Just a few years ago, it was considered impolite behavior for a man to smoke on the street. No man who thought of himself as being a gentleman would make a fool of himself by smoking when a lady was in a room. Customs also change from country to country. Does a man walk on the left or on the right in your company? Or does it matter? Should you have one hand in your lap(衣兜) or on the table? The Americans and the British not only speak the same language but also share a large number of social customs. For example, in both countries people shake hands when they meet each other for the first time. Also most Englishmen will open a door for a woman or offer their seat to a woman and so will most Americans. Promptness is important both in England and America. That is, if a dinner is for seven o’clock, the dinner guest either arrives close to that time or calls up to explain his delay(拖延). The important thing to remember about social customs is not to do anything that might make people feel uncomfortable especially if they are your guests. There is an old story about a man who gave a very formal party. When the food was served, one of the guests started to cut his peas with a knife. The other guests were surprised or shocked, but the host calmly picked up his knife and began eating in the same way. It would have been bad manners to make his guests feel foolish and uncomfortable.
56. If a man smoked in the room where a lady stayed, he would be considered as_____.
A. a gentleman      B , a boss      C. a fool      D. a worker
57. Which of the following is true?
A. A respected man usually behaves properly
B. social customs in some countries never change
C. English people open the door for women while Americans don’t
D. To eat peas with a knife is good manners
58. The underlined word “promptness” means _____.
A. to show respect for a lady     B. to apologize when you are late
C. to invite sb to dinner         D. to do things without delay
59. The writer tells us a story just to ______.
A. amuse the readers       B. tell us how to avoid making others uncomfortable
C. tell us how to eat peas   D. show that social customs and ways change
60. Which might be the title of the passage ?
A. American and British culture       B. Table manners
C. Change old customs              D. Social customs    

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My Garden
-----by Nelson Mandela
In early 1977, the authorities (当局) announced the physical labour and arranged some kind of work for us to do in the courtyard. The free time also allowed me to hunt what became two of my favorite hobbies in Robben Island---gardening and tennis.
To survive in prison, one must develop ways to take satisfaction in one's daily life. One can feel fulfilled (充实) by washing one's clothes so that they are particularly clean. Just as one takes pride in important tasks outside of prison, one can find the same pride in doing small things inside prison. Almost from the beginning of my sentence on Robben Island, I asked the authorities for permission to start a garden in the courtyard. For years, they refused without offering a reason. But finally they gave in, and we were able to cut out a small garden in the prison.
The soil in the courtyard was dry and rocky. In order to start my garden, I had to remove a great many rocks to allow the plant room to grow.
The authorities supplied me with seeds. At first, I planned tomatoes and onions, because these plants did not require rich earth or constant care. The early harvests were poor, but they soon improved.
I began to order books on gardening. I studied different gardening techniques and types of fertilizers (肥料). For a time, I tried to grow peanuts, and used different soils and fertilizers, but finally I gave up. It was one of my few failures.
A garden was one of the few things in prison that one could control. The processes of planting a seed, watching it grow, taking care of it and then harvesting it offered a simple but long-lasting satisfaction. The sense of being the owner of the small patch of earth offered a small taste of freedom.
Mandela's hobbies on Robben Island were ____.

A.hunting and physical labour
B.gardening and tennis
C.washing his clothes
D.gardening techniques and types of fertilizers

When did Mandela ask the prison authorities for the permission to start a small garden?

A.Soon after 1997.
B.Some time in early 1977.
C.Almost as soon as he went to prison there.
D.Long after he went to prison there.

Why did Mandela wash his clothes especially clean although he was in prison?

A.To show he could do it as well as others.
B.To get some sense of pride and satisfaction from it.
C.To show others that he preferred to be clean.
D.To gain the authorities' permission to start a garden.

Hard as he tried, he failed ____ at last.

A.to get a sense of satisfaction and freedom
B.to grow tomatoes and onions
C.to grow peanuts
D.to get the same pride inside prison.

Studies show farmland in Africa is often lacking in important nutrients. But researchers say combining different farming methods may help.
Since the world food crisis several years ago, researchers have directed more of their attention to small farms. Most farms in areas south of the Sahara Desert are only about one or two hectares. One of the goals is to increase production without necessarily clearing more land to grow additional crops.
American researchers say that can happen with greater use of an agricultural system called perennation. It mixes food crops with trees and perennial plants – those that return year after year.
Mr. Reganold, who is with Washington State University, says poor soil may have resulted from years of weathering that washed away many nutrients. He says some farmers may have done more harm than good.
He estimates that up to two billion dollars worth of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium is lost from African soil each year.
The scientist says the word perennation defines three systems that are already used in Africa. The oldest of the three is called evergreen agriculture. This is where farmers plant trees with their crops. John Reganold says farmers in Africa have been doing this for sixty years, but it seems to be growing in popularity.
The method is gaining widespread use in countries such as Niger, Burkina Faso, Malawi and Zambia. The trees are planted among maize, millet or sorghum crops. They not only add nitrogen to the soil through their roots, but also through their leaves when they fall off and break down. At other times of the year, the trees can protect plants from strong sunlight.
Mr. Reganold was one of three researchers who wrote a report about perennation. It was published in the journal Nature.
Farmland in Africa ________.

A.is often small in size
B.can produce more than enough crops for Africans
C.is short of important nutrients
D.has got the attention of scientists around the world

Researchers focused their attention on small farmlands for the reason that ________.

A.Africa was going through a food crisis
B.most farms in areas south of the Sahara Desert are small
C.there are not enough farmlands
D.farmers may grow additional crops on farmland

The word“perennation”mentioned in this passage ________.

A.is a farming method of planting food crops with trees
B.is a new farming method
C.can help African people produce more food than they need
D.is gaining widespread use around the world

We can infer from the passage that ________.

A.perennation will be widely used by farmers in Africa
B.American government will help African countries increase food production
C.African countries is short of farmland
D.some farmers are destroying their farmland in Africa on purpose

This report is mostly likely to be a journal of ________.

A.food B.environment C.agriculture D.gardening

The illegal ivory trade has been a major problem in Africa for decades. Poachers(偷猎者) and hunters have killed off hundreds of thousands of elephants to obtain this precious material. Now, affected areas are taking action. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) announced on Wednesday that key states where poaching takes place have promised to stop the ivory trade and protect Africa’s elephants.
In the 1980s, as many as 1 million elephants across Africa were killed for their ivory tusks. This continued until 1989, when the Convention on International Trade in Species (CITES) voted to ban all trade in ivory. With trade choked off, demand for ivory fell. Elephant populations slowly began to increase. However, this progress was short-lived.
According to the IUCN, 2011 saw the highest levels of poaching and illegal ivory trading in at least 16 years. Around 25,000 elephants were killed in Africa that year. Preliminary data from the IUCN shows even higher levels of illegal trade may have been reached in 2013. “With about 22,000 elephants illegally killed in 2012, we continue to face a critical situation,” said John E. Scanlon, CITES Secretary-General. “Current elephant poaching in Africa remains far too high, and could soon lead to local extinctions if the present killing rate continues.”
At the African Elephant Summit, key African states where elephants make their home agreed to develop a “zero-tolerance attitude” towards poaching. The deal calls for maximum sentences for poachers and hunters, and increased cooperation between affected states. Officials are determined to classifying wildlife trading as a serious crime — and to making sure that the people who commit it are punished. All participants at the conference agreed to sign the deal. With these states coming together, there may yet be hope for elephants. (293 words)
What’s the best title for this passage?

A.New Hope for Elephants. B. Elephants are dying.
C.Elephants are valuable. D. How to protect elephants

The underlined phrase “choked off” in Paragraph 2 can be replaced by “________”.

A. appreciated B. prevented C. admitted D. explored

Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?

A.The CITES has helped to improve elephants’ situation ever since 1989.
B.Around one million elephants across Africa were killed for their ivory tusks in the 1980s.
C.The poaching and illegal ivory trading in 2011 were very serious.
D.The situation of elephants in 2012 was still terrible.

All of the following measures will be taken to protect elephants EXCEPT ________.

A.to identify wildlife trading a serious crime
B.to punish those who buy or sell wildlife belongings
C.to sentence all wildlife poachers and hunters to death
D.to work together to fight against wildlife hunting

What’s the main idea of this passage?

A.The illegal ivory trade has been a major problem in Africa.
B.Elephants in Africa may die out because of the illegal poaching.
C.Hunting elephants will be recognized as a very serious crime.
D.A new agreement aims to develop a “zero-tolerance attitude” towards poaching.

Artie Shaw was born in New York City in 1910. His name was Arthur Arshawsky. His parents were poor immigrants who had come to the United States from Eastern Europe. His family later moved to New Haven, Connecticut.
At the age of fourteen, he began to play the saxophone and then the clarinet. From a very young age, Artie Shaw wanted to play his clarinet better than anyone. He wanted his sound and music to be perfect. He worked at this task much of his life.
He began working as a professional musician when he was fifteen. He left home and began playing in bands across the United States.
In 1928, young Artie Shaw traveled to Chicago, Illinois to hear the great trumpet player, Louis Armstrong. He immediately understood that Armstrong's great jazz sound was the beginning of something new and exciting. Artie left Chicago with a growing interest in jazz music. Soon after, he moved to New York City.
He got work playing the clarinet for the Columbia Broadcast System radio network. In 1936, he was given a chance to form a small group and play at New York's famous Imperial Theater on Broadway. His group was not the top band in the show. But the crowd loved his music. This proved to be a major step in his career.
Artie Shaw was always trying something new, something different. He heard a young black woman sing and hired her for his band. This was the first time that a black woman sang with white musicians. Racial separation was the rule in many states. Artie Shaw did not care.
Artie Shaw wrote several books in his later years. He wrote stories for magazines. He spoke about music at colleges and universities. But he had very little to do with the world of recording or music. During those years however, he received many awards and honors for his music. These included a Hall of Fame award from the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences.
When he was very young, Artie Shaw was ________.

A.born to a wealthy family
B.a famous singer
C.a man with a great dream
D.was in love with music when he was a baby

To achieve his music dream, Artie Shaw ________.

A.first began to play the clarinet
B.wanted to be the most famous musician around the world
C.began playing in bands across the United States
D.became a famous musician when he was fifteen

When Artie Shaw became an adult, ________.

A.he showed a growing interest in jazz music
B.he worked for Columbia Broadcast System radio network as a singer
C.he formed a small band when he was twenty three
D.he thought that racial separation should be the rule of the society

In his later years, Artie Shaw ________.

A.almost stopped playing music
B.worked for a magazine as an professional writer
C.he made many speeches about his life at colleges
D.he received many awards and honors for his books

Which one can be the title of the passage?

A.Artie Shaw’s Life Stories B.Artie Shaw — A Crazy Musician
C.Artie Shaw — A Great Writer D.Artie Shaw’s Music Life

Eat nuts, live longer. Researchers have found that those who eat a handful of peanuts every day significantly decrease their risk of dying from all causes compared to those who do not eat nuts. A newstudyconcludes that all types of nuts seem to be protective.
Researcher Ying Bao is with the Department of Medicine at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard University Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts. She and her colleagues looked at the impact of nut consumption by analyzing two huge studies that began in 1980 - the Nurses’ Health Study, which tracks the well-being of more than 76,000 women, and 42,000 men enrolled in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study.
Among the questions asked at the beginning of the studies was, 'how frequently do you eat nuts?' The information was updated every two to four years. Bao says the participants were followed for three decades.
“What we observed is that people who eat more nuts are less likely to die over the next 30 years," said Bao. "So, for example, if a person eat(s) nuts once per day, that person has a 20 percent lower risk of dying.”
Bao says eating a handful of nuts five or more times per week was associated with a 29 percent reduced risk of dying from heart disease and an 11 percent lower risk of cancer death. A serving size is 28 grams.
Nuts contain nutrients, including high quality proteins, vitamins and minerals, all of which have anti-cancer effects and may help protect the heart.
Bao says researchers are planning studies to find out how nuts are beneficial to human health.
The study on the health benefits of nuts was funded by the International Tree Nut Council Research and Education Foundation.
People who often eat nuts ________.

A.are more likely to live longer than people who often eat fruits
B.don’t need to go to hospital
C.may live longer than people who don’t eat nuts
D.don’t have to do sports

The underlined word “well-being” in Paragraph 2 shares the same meaning as “________”.

A.illness B.health C.diet D.habit

About Bao’s research, which statement is true?

A.She has done the research by herself.
B.Her research was based on two studies.
C.Her research lasted about three years.
D.People should eat all kinds of nuts every day.

Eating nuts may help us stay away from ________.

A.cancer B.fever C.flu D.headache

The passage is most probably from a journal of ___________ .

A.entertainment B.diet C.sports D.science

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