A number of scientific studies have suggested that repeatedly heading a football could increase the risk of developing dementia (痴呆症) in later life.
In 2002, former England international footballer Jeff Astle died aged 59. A coroner (验尸官) said that Astle died from a brain disease likely to have been caused by “repeated small damages to the brain” related to heading a heavy leather football.
Dr. Scott Delaney, research director of emergency medicine at McGill University Health Center in Montreal, Canada, has also researched soccer-related head injury and agrees that head-to-head or elbow-to-head blows are the real risk.
In 2007, Delaney carried out a study on footballers aged between 12 and 17 that showed they were half as likely to be concussed (使脑部受到震荡) wearing headgear (帽) than without.
He said youngsters have a higher risk of head injury than adults because their heads are thinner and less able to absorb shock. To make matters worse, their neck muscles aren’t as well developed and they often lack the correct heading technique that can help throw away the force of the ball.
Delaney recommends that children wear headgear when playing football and says his two eldest children wear head protection playing the sport. But he admits that children can be unwilling to be the first to wear head protection—especially when their football heroes play without it.
While headgear can protect footballers from being concussed during a match, no one knows the long-term effects of repeated “sub-concussive” blows to the head.
Delaney says that while there is indirect evidence that a career in soccer can lead to dementia, no one has yet found a sure link between the two. He says proving a link would mean monitoring hundreds of footballers for three or four decades—and that would take a lot of funding.Which might be the best title of the passage?
| A．Playing football may lead to brain damage. |
| B．Repeated small damages to the brain. |
| C．Footballers should wear headgear when playing. . |
| D．Evidence to dementia. |
According to Delaney’s research, what is the most risky injuries to head?
| A．Long-term effects of blows. |
| B．Wearing head protection. |
| C．Underdeveloped neck muscles. |
| D．Head-to-head or elbow-to-head blows. |
Children are unwilling to wear headgear because they think _____ .
| A．headgear is harmful to their heads | B．headgear influences their skills |
| C．they should follow their idols | D．they mustn’t lead the fashion |
It can be inferred from the last paragraph that _____ .
| A．Delaney has studied dementia for three or four decades |
| B．few footballers would like to be studied in the research |
| C．funding is important in order to carry out the research. |
| D．no one can find the link between playing football and dementia |
第三部分：阅读理解（共20小题，每题3分，满分60分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。
www.bigisland. ong
One of the best Hawaiian travel sites – easy to use, and packed with a full – service menu: accommodations, activities (including description of individual beaches and golf courses), tours, and a section on the island’s volcanic personality – all with links for further information. Developed by the island’s visitors organization, it’s the best overall website on the Big island.
www.nps.gov/havo
A must – read for anyone planning to do some volcano visiting. At first glance, this Naticnal Park Service website for Hawaii Volcanoes National Park is little more than a quick overview (总览), but click on the blue “In - depth” button for the full story. It is packed with both useful travel tips and advice that could even save your life; Read the well – illustrated section, “Viewing Lava(熔岩):Common Sense is Not Enough.” On a lighter note, the pages detail hiking trails throughout the park, with fine government maps and background on the wildlife. See the links page for three other, lesser – known NPS parks on the island. A superb site.
www.konaweb.com
Everything from a visitors’ guide to tips if you are planning a move to the islands, with numerous links. The overview of the island (and especially the beach scenery)
is worth a stop.
www.interpac.net/mtbike
First stop for mountain bikers. Produced by the island’s mountain bike association, it includes descriptions and maps for 10 public off – road trails and contacts for local bike shops.
www.Hawaii.gov/dlnr/dsp/hawaii.html
Brief illustrated guide to the island’s state parks, from the Hawaiian Department of Land and Natural Resources.
www.Coffeetimes.com
If you can resist the Kona coffee pages for a moment, check out the “Alternative Guide to the Big Island” at the bottom of the page. Also some interesting Big Island Links.
56．This passage is a(n) .
A．collection of travel links B．introduction of mountain travel
C．suggestion of travel outside D．collection of traveling pictures
57．If you want to enjoy the beautiful scenery of the islands, you can land the following website EXCEPT .
A．www.konaweb.com B．www.interpac.net/mtbike
C．www.nps.gov/havo D．www.Hawaii.gov/dlnr/dsp/hawaii.html
58．If a tourise wants to visit a dead volcano, he can .
A．go to the Hawaiian Department of Land
B．have a dip into the links of the Big Island
C．go to Hawaiian Volcanoes National Park
D．follow the off – road trails of mountain bikers
59．From the passage, we can infer that .
A．it is very dangerous to visit the Big Island
B．all the links belong to the same website
C．Coffeetimes has accesses to the Big Island website
D．the writer encourages travelers in mountain biking
At a laboratory in Germany ,volunteers slide into a machine and perform simple tasks, such as deciding whether to add or subtract two numbers , or choosing which of two buttons to press.
They have no idea that scientists in the next room are trying to read their minds-using a brain scan to figure out their intention before it is turned into action.
In the past ,scientists had been able to detect decisions about making physical movements before those movements appeared .But researchers at Berlin's Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience claim they have now , for the first time ,identified people's decisions about how they would later do a high-level mental activity-in this case ,adding versus subtracting.
While still in its initial stages ,the techniques may eventually have wide-ranging implications for everything from criminal questioning to airline security checks.
The research,which began in July 2005,has been of limited scope:only 21 people have been tested so far.And the 71 percent accuracy rate is only about 20 percent more successful than random selection.
Still ,the research conducted at the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences in Leipzig ,about 150 kilometers southwest of Berlin ,has been generating strong interest in the scientific community.
In one study ,participants were told to decide whether to add or subtract two numbers a few seconds before the numbers were flashed on a screen . Meanwhile ,a computer captured images of their brain waves to predict the subject's decision-with one pattern suggesting addition, and another subtraction.
The team ,headed by Haynes ,began its research by trying to identify which part of the mind was storing intentions. They discovered it was found in the prefrontal cortex region by scanning the brain to look for bursts of activity when subjects were given choices.
Then they went about studying which type of patterns were associated with different intentions.
"If you knew which thought signatures to look for ,you could theoretically predict in more detail what people were going to do in the future," said Haynes.
75.Which of the following is true about the experiment at the laboratory?
A.The volunteers are asked to perform very complicated tasks.
B.Everything was explained to the volunteers before the experiment.
C.The volunteers cannot see the scientists while performing the tasks.
D.The volunteers started the experiment by pressing one of the two buttons.
76.Which of the following demonstrates the major breakthrough made by the German scientists?
A.By studying the subjects' brain waves , they know what physical movements they'll make.
B.By studying the subjects' brain waves, they know what mental task they'll perform.
C.By studying criminals' brain waves ,they can help find out whether they are lying or not.
D.By studying passengers' brain waves ,they can help find out who intends to make trouble.
77.In the research which began in July 2005 only______subjects' brains were scanned and the accuracy rate was______.
A.21; 20% B.71;20% C.21;71% D.20;71%
78.The group of scientists in Leiqzig were doing______what the group in Berlin were doing.
A.similar research to B.better research than
C.completely different things from D.a less satisfactory job than
79.The term thought signatures in the last paragraph refers to______.
A.the subjects' intentions B.the subjects' physical movements
C.parts of the human brain D.the human brain wave patterns
80.From the information in the passage, it can be concluded that in the future______.
A.the intentions of people can be predicted accurately
B.it's impossible to predict accurately the intentions of people
C.no one in the world will dare to tell lies to other people
D.everyone will easily know what others are thinking about
Growing up the daughter of an outstanding educator, Andrea Peterson knew at a young age that she wanted to serve others. It was with this mindset that she started to pursue a degree in medicine. However ,while visiting her brothers who were away at college studying music education, she realized that she too was drawn to teach music.
In her ten years at Granite Falls, she has revitalized the music programs at both the elementary and high school levels,to the extent that an additional music faculty member was hired by the district to assist with the workload. The growth of the music program in Granite Falls School District has encouraged students to participate in county ,state ,and national music competitions ,and won numerous prizes for the district.
Teaching music is only part of Peterson's instruction－it serves as a vehicle to other areas .
"Music is an amazing tool to unlock students' potential. The most visible benefit from their success in music is their increased confidence and self-esteem," Peterson said. "However, I don't believe it is the only benefit, nor the most powerful. It is truly exciting to see how my music teaching can transfer back to other classrooms." With this philosophy, Peterson introduced a cross-curriculum program ,wherein she takes lessons taught in other classes, such as English and math ,and expands upon them in an eight-week unit.
One of the most popular projects in Peterson's classes in the creation and performance of a musical, whereby students create a play from one of the books they have read in another class. Students work together to choose the music that best fits with the overall feel of the play and then perform it for the greater community. "Through Andrea's efforts these kids have helped to put Granite Falls, Washington, on the map for musical talents. Parents, staff ,and community members continue to be in awe of what she is able to bring forth from the children," said Debra Rose Howell, a colleague of Peterson's at Monte Cristo Elementary School.
69.Initially Andrea Peterson Planned to work as a (n)______.
A.teacher B.doctor C.educator D.musician
70.The 2nd paragraph mainly tells about______.
A.Andrea Peterson's life at Granite Falls
B.county ,state ,and national music competitions
C.the growth of the music program in Granite Falls School District
D.Andrea Peterson's contributions to Granite Falls' music programs
71.Which of the following is NOT a benefit the students get from Andrea Peterson's class?
A.music talent development B.increased self-confidence
C.ability in learning other subjects D.prizes for English and maths
72.The following sentences tell what the students have to do about their musical project. Which is the right order of the events?
a. They choose proper music for their play
b. They adapt the story into a play.
c. They put on the play for the whole school or the whole community.
d. They practise performing the play.
e. They choose a story they have read in another class.
A.e→b→a→d→c B.e→b→c→a→d C.a→e→b→d→c D.a→b→e→d→c
73.What is most special about the way Andrea Peterson teaches?
A.She has a special way of teaching music.
B.She makes her classes lively and interesting.
C.She combines her music class with other subjects.
D.She comes from a family of professional educators.
74.Which of the following could be the best title for the passage?
A.An Outstanding Teacher B.Ten years at Granite Falls
C.A Family of Educators D.Successful Music Projects
Read the following reviews for movies that are showing at the moment .And then answer the questions that follow.
Happiness (Romance)
Happiness tells the story of two people (Lisa Turbot and Danny Roy) who work for different advertising companies .They talk on the phone all the time and don't like each other . But then they communicate by email and fall in love. This movie will be very popular with teenagers and people who like romances .It also has beautiful music.
I scream (Thriller)
In I Scream ,Paul (Colin Jacks) is a young man who joins a thriller club. Each of the members tries to frighten the others. Paul is told to stay in an old house for the night. Everyone who has tried to stay in the house before has died. This movie is very frightening but also quite silly .It doesn't make sense for Paul to stay in the house when things start to go wrong. Only for people who like thrillers.
Paul's Heroes (Comedy)
This is a very funny war movie set in World War Two. Six soldiers (including Sammy Turblow) have to get to Italy to take secret messages to the American army there. During the movie ,they dress up as women and fight with Italian workers. You can guess the ending ,but it's great fun getting there.
______ (Drama)
This is a very good drama with Jack Ross ,who plays a hard-working truck driver. His wife becomes ill and he has to find a doctor who can help her. In his travels he meets Dr. Lloyd (Phil Driver) who has found the cure for the illness ,but Jack Ross has only twelve hours to get the medicine back to his wife on the other side of America. This is an excellent movie, which is very exciting.
65.The story in "Happiness" seems to suggest that______.
A.talking on the phone for a long time certainly leads to love
B.face-to-face conversations are better than those on the phone
C.writing expresses oneself better than talking on the phone
D.teenagers enjoy talking on the phone more than adults
66.In "Paul's Heroes" the American soldiers dress up as women in order to______.
A.take important information to their army
B.fight with Italian workers
C.make the Italian workers laugh
D.amuse the other American soldiers
67.Which of the following is the best title for the fourth movie?
A.A Hard-working Truck Driver B.Medicine
C.A strange Illness D.Twelve Hours
68.Which movie does the reviewer like best ?
A.No. 1. B.No. 2. C.No. 3. D.No.4.
第三部分：阅读理解（共20小题；每小题2分,满分40分）
阅读下列短文,从每篇短文后所给各题的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
For many years ,I was convinced that my suffering was due to my size. I believed that when the weight disappeared ,it would take old wounds, hurts ,and rejections with it.
Many weight-conscious people also mistakenly believe that changing our bodies will fix
everything. Perhaps our worst mistake is believing that being thin equals being loved ,being special ,and being cherished .We fantasize about what it will be like when we reach the long awaited goal. We work very hard to realize this dream. Then ,at last ,we find ourselves there.
But we often gain back what we have lost. Even so , we continue to believe that next time it will be different .Next time ,we will keep it off. Next time ,being thin will finally fulfill its promise of everlasting happiness ,self-worth ,and ,of course ,love.
It took me a long while to realize that there was something more for me to learn about beauty . Beauty standards vary with culture .In Samoa a woman is not considered attractive unless she weights more than 200 pounds .More importantly ,if it's happiness that we want , why not put our energy there rather than on the size of our body? Why not look inside? Many of us strive hard to change our body, but in vain. We have to find a way to live comfortably inside our body and make friends with and cherish ourselves. When we change our attitudes toward ourselves ,the whole world changes.
61.The passage tries to stress the importance of______.
A.body size B.attitudes toward life
C.culture difference D.beauty standards
62.What does the word "everything" in paragraph 2 refer to?
A.All the problems. B.All the properties.
C.The whole world. D.The absolute truth.
63.It can be inferred from the passage that the author______.
A.was born and grew up in Samoa
B.has succeeded in losing weight
C.has been troubled by her/his weight
D.got wounded in a war or an accident
64.Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A.Once you succeed in losing weight ,you are unlikely to gain it back.
B.People all over the world can easily agree about what is beautiful.
C.A fat woman is considered to be more beautiful than a slim one in Samoa.
D.The author is determined to work hard to lose weight until he or she succeeds.