ThemainaimofEnvironmentAwarene-优题课

Happiness pays off, studies show.
Psychologists seeking the real secrets of happiness report that very happy people tend to be more extroverted and agreeable than less happy people.
“Our findings suggest that very happy people have rich and satisfying social relationships and spend little time alone compared to average people,” write psychologists Ed Diener and Martin E. P. Seligman in the journal Psychological Science.
Solid social relationships do not promise happiness, but they are an important contributing factor. The very happy people whom the authors studied all said they had good quality social relationships. However, the authors write, there is no single key to high happiness. “High happiness seems to be like beautiful symphonic music--including many instruments, without any one being enough for the beautiful quality.”
Diener regards happiness as “subjective (主观的) wellbeing”--in other words, the person evaluates his or her own quality of life. The question to ask is, “Is my life going well, according to the standards I choose to use?” If the answer is “yes”, then that person is judged to be happy.
Because people evaluate their lives based on happiness, subjective wellbeing is very important. Though necessary, it is not enough for having a good life. “Subjective wellbeing seems quite necessary for the ‘good society’, although it is not enough for that society because there are other things we also value and would want in such a place.” says Diener.
Can subjective wellbeing be measured scientificall? Diener points out three parts contributing to happiness: pleasant emotions and moods, lack of negative emotions and moods, and satisfaction judgment, to which other factors including cheerfulness and feelings of fulfillment may be added.
There is no magic formula for happiness. Diener suggests steps you can take to ensure you are as happy as you can be. Surrounding yourself with good friends and family--people who care about you and whom you care about--is a start. Joining in activities you enjoy and value is also important; whether it’s work or play, keeping busy in an environment enjoyable to you will contribute much to your subjective wellbeing. In addition, a healthy outlook is necessary.
The underlined word “extroverted” probably means________.

A．pleasant and social	B．hardworking and active
C．careful and shy	D．warmhearted and helpful

Happiness and symphonic music are common in that________.

A．they are both something beautiful

B．they both make people feel pleased

C．they both depend on more than one factor

D．they are both hard to achieve

According to Diener, a person can be judged to be happy when he________.

A．has rich and satisfying social relationships

B．spends more time with other people

C．joins in a lot of activities he enjoys and keeps himself optimistic

D．thinks his life is going well according to his own standards

Which of the following does NOT belong to factors contributing to happiness?

A．Pleasant moods.

B．Negative emotions.

C．Satisfaction judgment.

D．Feelings of fulfillment.

What is it that makes people laugh? More than two thousand years ago the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle defined (定义) jokes as the pleasure that results from a feeling of triumph by showing we’re better than someone else in a certain way. According to Aristotle and many other philosophers, all jokes depend mainly on showing inferiority in another person or group of persons--that is, putting it clearly, on showing that they are worse off than ourselves. Jokes raise our good opinion of ourselves at someone else’s expense.
Showing how much better than other people we are is only one reason we like jokes. Someone may also use a joke to express their anger or their cruelty or any other kind of action that is not acceptable to us. We feel free to laugh when we hear about someone sliding on a banana skin. The joke lets us express those attitudes which are usually unacceptable to society. This is probably the reason why some of the jokes, especially those involving cruelty, are so popular with certain people.
Besides, all jokes depend on our enjoyment of laughing at something that is strange and out of place because it’s different from things which are happening around it. The same situation can be either sad or pleasant, depending entirely on how strange and out of place it is. If a girl in a bathing suit falls into a swimming pool, we don’t laugh because nothing unusual has happened. But if a man in a smart suit falls in, the situation is at once unusual in a pleasant way and we laugh. A good joketeller will always try to build up a situation in which one thing is expected until something unexpected suddenly happens, and so we laugh.
According to Aristotle, all jokes depend mainly on________.

A．showing inferiority in another person or group

B．resulting in a sense of success

C．having a good opinion of other people

D．making people laugh unexpectedly

What’s the main idea of Paragraph 2?

A．Showing we are better than other people is the only one reason we like jokes.

B．When people are angry, they would like to hear jokes.

C．People who like jokes are usually cruel.

D．To express those attitudes usually unacceptable to society is one of the reasons we like jokes.

What will a good joketeller always try to do?

A．Make a sad situation into a pleasant one.

B．Make different things happen at the same time.

C．Make an unexpected thing happen in an expected situation.

D．Make people laugh at something unusual and out of place.

Psychologist George Spilich and colleagues at Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland, decided to find out whether, as many smokers say, smoking helps them to “think and concentrate.” Spilich put young non-smokers, active smokers and smokers deprived (被剥夺) of cigarettes through a series of tests.
In the first test, each subject (试验对象) sat before a computer screen and pressed a key as soon as he or she recognized a target letter among a grouping of 96. In this simple test, smokers, deprived smokers and nonsmokers performed equally well.
The next test was more complex, requiring all to scan sequences of 20 identical letters and respond the instant one of the letters transformed into a different one. Non-smokers were faster， but under the stimulation of nicotine (尼古丁), active smokers were faster than deprived smokers.
In the third test of short-term memory, non-smokers made the fewest errors, but deprived smokers committed fewer errors than active smokers.
The fourth test required people to read a passage, then answer questions about it. Non-smokers remembered 19 percent more of the most important information than active smokers, and deprived smokers bested those who had smoked a cigarette just before testing. Active smokers tended not only to have poorer memories but also had trouble separating important information from insignificant details.
“As our tests became more complex.” Sums up Spilich, “non-smokers performed better than smokers by wider and wider margins” He predicts, “smokers might perform adequately at many jobs until they got complicated. A smoking airline pilot could fly adequately if no problems arose, but if something went wrong, smoking might damage his mental capacity.”
The purpose of George Spilich’s experiments is _______.

A．to test whether smoking has a positive effect on the mental capacity of smokers

B．to show how smoking damages people’s mental capacity

C．to prove that smoking affects people’s regular performance

D．to find out whether smoking helps people’s short-term memory

Which of the following statements is true?

A．Active smokers in general performed better than deprived smokers.

B．Active smokers responded more quickly than the other subjects.

C．Non-smokers were not better than other subjects in performing simple tasks.

D．Deprived smokers gave the slowest responses to the various tasks.

We can infer from the last paragraph that _______.

A．smokers should not expect to become airline pilots

B．smoking in emergency cases causes mental illness

C．no airline pilots smoke during flights

D．smokers may prove unequal to handing emergency cases

Don’t talk to me; I’m busy with my iPhone
Riding a London subway, a person from China will notice one major difference: in London, people do not look at each other. In fact, eye contact is avoided at all times. That’s not rudeness—people are just too busy to bother looking.
Busy doing what, you ask? Well, they’re certainly not using the time for a moment of quiet reflection, nor are they reading a book. New technology has replaced quiet habits. Today the only acceptable form of book on the London underground is an e-book.
Apple must earn a fortune from London commuters（乘车上下班的人）. Since the launch of the iPhone in 2007, over 40,000—yes, that’s 40,000—“apps”（programs downloaded for the iPhone）have been designed.
Commuters love them because they are the perfect time-fillers. One “app”, called iShoot, is a game that features tanks（坦克）. Another one, Tube Exits, tells passengers where to sit on the train to be closest to the exit of their destination. ISteam clouds the iPhone screen when you breathe into the microphone. You can then write in the “ steam” on your phone screen.
For those without an iPhone, another Apple product, the iPod, may be another choice. It’s not just teenagers who “plug in” to their music—iPods are a popular way to pass the time for all ages.
And if games, e-books and music aren’t enough to keep you occupied, then perhaps you would prefer a film. The development of palm DVD technology means many commuters watch their favorite TV show or film on the way to work. With all this entertainments, it’s amazing that people still remember to get off the train.
People in London do not make eye contact on the subway because ______.

A．they are busy reading books

B．they are not very polite

C．they are busy playing with their electronic equipment

D．thinking about their private things

Those who like war games can download _____ to their iPhones.

A．Tube Exits	B．iPod
C．ISteam	D．iShoot

The underlined word “occupied” in the last paragraph probably means _____.

A．delighted	B．amused
C．controlled	D．busy

The article tells us that _____.

A．London commuters are unfriendly to strangers

B．technology is changing the way London commuters spend their traveling time.

C．with all the new time-fillers, London commuters often forget to get off the train.

D．Apple has earned a lot of money from selling 40,000 iPhones

When I was six, Dad brought home a dog one day, who was called “Brownie”. My brothers and I all loved Brownie and did different things with her. One of us would walk her, another would feed her, then there were baths, playing catch and many other games, Brownie, in return, loved each and every one of us. One thing that most touched my heart was that she would go to whoever was sick and just be with them we always felt better when she was around.
One day, as I was getting her food, she chewed up(咬破)one of Dad’s shoes, which had to be thrown away in the end. I knew Dad would be mad and I had to let her know what she did was wrong. When I looked at her and said, ”Bad girl,” she looked down at the ground and then went and hid. I saw a tear in her eyes.
Brownie turned out to be more than just our family pet, she went everywhere with us .People would stop and ask if they could pet her. Of course she’d let anyone pet her. She was just the most lovable dog. There were many times when we’d be out walking and a small child would come over and pull her hair. she never barked(吠) or tried to get away. Funny thing is she would smile. This frightened people because they thought she was showing her teeth. Far from the truth, she loved everyone.
Now many years have passed since Brownie died of old age. I still miss days when she was with us.
What would Brownie do when someone was ill in the family?

A．Look at them sadly.	B．Keep them company.
C．Play games with them.	D．Touch them gently.

We can infer from Paragraph 2 that Brownie__________.

A．world eat anything when hungry

B．felt sorry for her mistake

C．loved playing hide-and-seek

D．disliked the author’s dad

Why does the author say that Brownie was more than just a family pet?

A．She was treated as a member of the family.

B．She played games with anyone she liked.

C．She was loved by everybody she met.

D．She went everywhere with the family.

Which of the following best describes Brownie?

A．Shy

B．Polite

C．Brave

D．Caring

A．Global Gaia Network	B．Clean Energy Agency
C．Green Earth Foundation	D．International Environment Fund

A．Read, Realize and Remember	B．Reduce, Reuse and Recycle
C．Green Earth Foundation	D．Global Gaia Network