Long after the 1998 World Cup was won, disappointed fans were still cursing(
咒骂) the disputed refereeing (裁判) decisions that denied victory to their team. A researcher was appointed to study the performance of some top referees.
The researcher organized an experimental tournament (锦标赛) involving four youth teams. Each match lasted an hour, divided into three periods of 20 minutes during which different referees were in charge.
Observers noted down the referees’ errors, of which there were 61 over the tournament. Converted to a standard match of 90 minutes, each referee made almost 23 mistakes, a remarkably high number.
The researcher then studied the videotapes to analyse the matches in detail. Surprisingly, he found that errors were more likely when the referees were
close to the incident. When the officials got it right, they were, on average, 17 meters away from the action. The average distance in the case of errors was 12 meters. The research shows the optimum (最佳的) distance is about 20 meters.
There also seemed to be an optimum speed. Correct decisions came when the referees were moving at a speed of about 2 meters per second. The average speed for errors was 4 meters per second.
If FIFA, football's international ruling body, wants to improve the standard of refereeing at the next World Cup, it should encourage referees to keep their eyes on the action from a distance, rather than rushing to keep up with the ball, the researcher argues.
He also says that FIFA’s insistence that referees should retire at age 45 may be misguided. If keeping up with the action is not so important, their physical condition is less critical.The experiment conducted by the researcher was meant to _______.
| A．reexamine the rules for football refereeing |
| B．analyse the causes of errors made by football referees |
| C．set a standard for football refereeing |
| D．review the decisions of referees at the 1998 World Cup |
The findings of the experiment show that _______.
| A．errors are more likely when a referee keeps close to the ball |
| B．the farther the referee is from the incident, the fewer the errors |
| C．the more slowly the referee runs, the more likely will errors occur |
| D．errors are less likely when a referee stays in one spot |
The word “officials” (Line 2, Para. 4) most probably refers to _______.
| A．the researchers involved in the experiment |
| B．the inspectors of the football tournament |
| C．the referees of the football tournament |
| D．the observers at the site of the experiment |
What is one of the possible conclusions of the experiment?
| A．The ideal retirement age for an experienced football referee is 45. |
| B．Age should not be the chief consideration in choosing a football referee. |
| C．A football referee should be as young and energetic as possible. |
| D．An experienced football referee can do well even when in poor physical condition. |
As late as 1800, women’s only place was in the home. The idea of woman in the business world was unthinkable. Men were certain that no woman could do a good job outside her home. This was such a widely accepted idea that when the well-known Bronte sisters began writing books in 1864, they had to sign their books with men’s names instead.
Teaching was the first profession open to women soon after 1800. But even that was not an easy profession for women to enter because most schools and colleges were open only to men. Oberlin College in Ohio was the first college in America to accept women.
Hospital nursing became respectable work for women only after Nightingale became famous. Seeing that she was not only a nurse but also a rich and well-educated woman, people began to believe it was possible for women to nurse the sick and still be “ladies”. Miss Nightingale opened England’s first training school for nurse in 1860.
The invention of the typewriter in 1867 helped to bring women out of the home and into the business world. By 1900, thousands of women were working at real jobs in schools, hospitals and offices in both England and America. Some women even managed to become doctors or lawyers. The idea that women could work in the business world had been accepted. Why couldn’t women become teachers easily? Because___________
| A．the first profession open to them was writing. |
| B． most schools and colleges were open only to men. |
| C． they wanted to be nurses instead. |
| D． they had to work in the business world. |
. The article is mainly about __________.
| A． women are in the business world |
| B． the famous Bronte sisters |
| C． schools and colleges in America |
| D． rights for American women |
. Which fact does the article lead you to believe?
| A．The Bronte sisters thought that they were men. |
| B． England’s first training school for nurses was in Ohio. |
| C． There are more men than women in professional jobs. |
D． Women find it neces sary to work harder than before. |
I first visited hutong as part of a tourist group several years ago. We rode on a trishaw（脚踏三轮车） with a guide explaining the history, architecture and lifestyle of the local inhabitants.
Having visited the "must-sees" of Beijing, like the Forbidden City, the Temple of Heaven, the Drum Tower and
the Summer Palace, going into the hutong home of some famous ancient families gave the “Beijing experience” a human element.
My curiosity has sharpened over the years from reading about them at every opportunity. During the preparation for the Olympics I was eager to learn that some siheyuan courtyards in hutong were turned into accommodations（食宿） for visitors. I wished to stay in one someday.
Preparing for a recent trip to the capital, I eagerly sought one out. On my limited teacher’s salary, I settled on an affordable option, though I looked longingly at the more upscale courtyard accommodations.
As usual, I ended up having something closer to a true experience. A real family still lives in the courtyard, which is closer to the original. The rooms all opened into the central courtyard. Flowers were blooming, beans and peas were climbing up the bamboo fence, and the cat was napping in the sun. Every day after exploring the city, I'd hurry back to the hutong, take a quick shower and join the cat – snoozing（小睡） in a bamboo-made chair with a book ready nearby.
As the other guests came back we’d greet one another. There was a mother and young daughter from France, a guy from Canada, a mother and teenage daughter from the Netherlands, a teacher from England and several guests from various parts of China.
Coming and going through the narrow alleys（小巷） of the hutong, the residents would smile and give cheery “ni hao” （hello）. Laughing children were playing under the watchful eyes of the neighbors. I felt right at home in this friendly neighborhood. The main idea of the passage is about ______________.
| A．hutong days realize my desires to live local life |
| B．Trishaw is the only way to visit the hutong |
| C．living in the hutong with other visitors |
| D．exploring the deeper of Beijing |
. When did the author have th
e idea to visit Beijing hutong?
| A．As early as he was a little child |
| B．when he was reading the text books at school |
| C．during the preparation for the Olympics |
| D．the author doesn’t mention it specifically |
The underlined word “upscale” in the fourth paragraph means _________.
| A．inexpensive | B．high-class | C．appropriate | D．secondary |
What is the impression of the author about the people in hutong?
| A．They came from all over the world. |
| B．They all wanted to enjoy the old life of Beijing. |
| C．They are living together in harmony. |
| D．They are living in a heavenly peace life. |
What makes a person a scientist? Does he have ways or tools of learning that are different from those of others? The answer is “no”. It isn’t the tools a scientist uses but how he uses these tools which make him a scientist. You will probably agree that knowing how to use a power is important to a carpenter. You will probably agree, too, that knowing how to investigation, how to discover information, is important to everyone. The scientist, however, goes one step further; he must be sure that he has a reasonable answer to his questions and that his answer he gets to many questions is into a large set of ideas about how the world works.
The scientist’s knowledge must be exact. There’s no room for half right or right just half the time. He must be as nearly right as the conditions permit. What works under one set of conditions at one tim
e must work under the same conditions at other times. If the conditions are different, any changes the scientist observes in a demonstration(实证) must be explained by the changes in the conditions. This is one reason why investigations are important in science. Albert Einstein, who developed the Theory of Relativity, arrived at the theory through mathematics. The accuracy(正确性) of his mathematics was later tested through investigation. Einstein’s
ideas were proved to be correct. A scientist uses
many to
ols for measurements. Then the measurements are used to make mathematical calculations(计算) that may test his investigations What makes a scientist according to the passage?
| A．The tools he uses. | B．His ways of learning |
| C．The way he uses his tools | D．The various tools he uses |
“…knowing how to investigation, how to discover information, is important to everyone.”
The writer says this to show ___________.
| A．the importance of information |
| B．the difference between scientists and ordinary people. |
| C．the importance of thinking |
| D．the difference between carpenters and ordinary people |
A sound scientific theory should be one that _________.
| A．works under one set of conditions at one time and also works under the same conditions at other times |
| B．doesn’t allow any change even under different conditions |
| C．Can be used many times under different conditions |
| D．Can be used for many purposes |
What is the main idea of the passage?
| A．Scientists are different from ordinary people. |
| B．The Theory of Relativity. |
| C．Exactness is the core (核心) of science. |
| D．Exactness and way of using tools are the keys to making of a scientist. |
Short and shy,Ben Saunders was the last kid in his class picked for any sports team.
“Football,tennis,cricket—anything with a round ball,I was useless,”he says now with a laugh.But back then he was the object of jokes in school gym classes in England’s rural Devonshire.
It was a mountain bike he received for his 15th birthday that changed him.At first the teen went biking alone in a nearby forest.Then he began to cycle along with a runner friend.Gradually,
Saunders set his mind on building up his body,increasing his speed,strength and endurance.At age 18,he ran his first marathon.
The following year,he met John Ridgway,who became famous in the 1960s for rowing an open boat across the Atlantic Ocean.Saunders was hired as an instructor at Ridgway’s School of Adventure in Scotland,where he learned about the older man’s cold-water exploits.Intrigued,
Saunders read all he could about Arctic explorers and North Pole expeditions,then decided that this would be his future.
Journeys to the Pole aren’t the usual holidays for British country boys,and many people dismissed his dream as fantasy.“John Ridgway was one of the few who didn’t say,’You are completely crazy,’” Saunders says.
In 2001,after becoming a skilled skier,Saunders started his first long-distance 
expedition toward the North Pole.He suffered frostbite,had a close encounter with a polar bear and pushed his body to the limit.
Saunders has since become the youngest person to ski alone to the North Pole,and he’s skied more of the Arctic by himself than any other Briton. His old playmates would not believe the transformation.
This October, Saunders, 27,heads south to explore from the coast of Antarctica to the South Pole and back ,an 1800 mile journey that has never been completed on skis..
The turning point in Saunders’ life came when__________.
| A．he started to play ball games | B．he got a mounta in bike at age 15 |
| C．he ran his first marathon at age 18 | D．he started to receive Ridgway’s training |
.
. We can learn from the text that Ridgway__________.
A .dismissed Saunders’ dream as fantasy B. built up his body together with Saunders
C hired Saunders for his cold-water experience
D .won his fame for his voyage across the Atlantic.
.What do we know about Saunders?
| A．He once worked at a school in Scotland. |
B．He fol lowed Ridgway to explore the North Pole. |
| C．He was chosen for the school sports team as a kid. |
| D．He was the first Briton to ski alone to the North Pole. |
.
The underlined word “Intrigued” in the third paragraph means__________.
| A．Excited | B．Convinced | C．Delighted | D．Fascinated |
.
.It can be inferred that Saunders’ journey to the North Pole__________.
| A．was accompanied by his old playmates | B．set a record in the North Pole expedition |
| C．was supported by other Arctic explorers | D．made him well-known in the 1960s |
Enough sleep is important to health. The amount of sleep needed depends on the age of the person and the conditions in which sleep takes place. The young may need more sleep than the old, but usually eight hours are enough for the health of grown-ups. Some can do with less than this amount, but others may need more. Every person knows his own need. It is then a matter of good judgement to satisfy his need. Sleep should always be enough to make one bring back his strength and get ready for a day’s work.
Fresh air is necessary to sound sleep. It is not without reason for some people to think that it is practicable to sleep in the open 
air. When one can keep himself warm, out-of-door sleeping probably gives the body its most complete relaxation(松弛).
Ability(能力) to sleep is large lay habit. The conditions referred to only lead to sleep. Out-of-door exercises, a good habit of regular hours and the avoidance(避免) of late eating and worry, which are largely within the control of any person, are all helpful to sound sleep.
A bath at bedtime, neither hot nor cool but of body temperature, may be helpful to sleep. Sleep-producing drug(药）should never be taken except when suggested by a doctor. .
How many hours are usually enough for the health of a pupil?
| A．Less than eight hours. | B．No more than eight hours. |
| C．Eight hours or so. | D．No less than eight hours. |
.
What does “sound sleep” mean?
| A．Long sleep. | B．Fast sleep. | C．Complete sleep. | D．Sleep without any sound. |
.
. Which of the following is helpful to good sleep?
| A．Keeping good habits. | B．Staying up late night. |
| C．Eating something at bedtime. | D．Forming the habit of taking sleep-producing drug. |
.
. The amount of sleep a person needs has something to do with________.
| A．his age | B．his height | C．his weight | D．his character |
.
Before going to bed, you’d better not_______.
| A．take a bath | B．do any housework | C．think a lot | D．go out for relaxation |