Should doctors ever lie to benefit their patients to speed recovery or to cover the coming of death? In medicine as in law, government, and other lines of work, the requirements of honesty often seem dwarfed by greater needs; the need to protect patients from brutal news, to uphold a promise of secrecy or to advance the public interest.
What should doctors say, for example, to a 46-year-old man coming in for a routine physical checkup just before going on vacation with his family who, though he feels in perfect health, is found to have a form of cancer that will cause him to die within six months? Is it best to tell him the truth? If he asks, should doctors reject that he is ill, or minimize the gravity of the illness? Should they at least hide the truth until after the family vacation?
Doctors face such choices often. At times, they see important reasons to lie for the patients’ own sake; in their eyes, such lies differ sharply from self-serving ones.
Studies show that most doctors sincerely believe that the seriously ill patients do not want to know the truth about their condition, and that informing them of risks destroys their hope, so that they may recover more slowly, or deteriorate faster, perhaps even commit suicide.
But other studies show that, contrary to the belief of many physicians, a great majority of patients do want to be told the truth, even about serious illness, and feel cheated when they learn that they have been misled. We are also learning that truthful information, humanely conveyed, helps patients cope with illness; help them tolerate pain better with less medicine, and even recover faster after surgery.
There is an urgent need to debate this issue openly. Not only in medicine, but in other professions as well, practitioners may find themselves repeatedly in difficulty where serious consequences seem avoidable only through deception. Yet the public has every reason to know the professional deception, for such practices are peculiarly likely to become deeply rooted, to spread, and to trust. Neither in medicine, nor in law, government, or the social sciences can there be comfort in the old saying, “What you don’t know can’t hurt you.”
Title: 1 Or Not
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·Most doctors are in 3 of lying for the patients’ own sake. |
| ·A great majority of patients 4 on being told the truth. |
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| Reasons for 5 lying to patients |
·Informing patients of the truth about their condition destroys their hope, 6 to recovering more slowly, or deteriorating faster, perhaps even 7 themselves. |
| Reasons 8 lying to patients |
·The truthful information helps patients to 9 their illness, help them tolerate pain better with less medicine, and even recover faster after surgery. ·Most patients feel 10 when they learn that they have been misled. |
AnExtensionoftheHumanBrain
Other people can help us compensate for our mental and emotional deficiencies (欠缺)，much as a wooden leg can compensate for a physical deficiency. To be exact, other people can extend our intelligence and help us understand and adjust our emotions. When another person helps us in such ways, he or she is participating in what I've called a "social prosthetic (义肢的）system." Such systems do not need to operate face-to-face, and it's clear to me that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems. It's already a big bank of many minds. Even in its current state, the Internet has extended my memory and judgment.
Regarding memory: Once I look up something on the Internet, I don't need to keep all the details for future use-I know where to find that information again and can quickly and easily do so. More generally, the Internet functions as if it were my memory. This function of the Internet is particularly striking when I'm writing; I'm no longer comfortable writing if I'm not connected to the Internet. It's become natural to check facts as I write, taking a minute or two to dip into PubMed, Wikipedia, or other websites.
Regarding judgment: The Internet has made me smarter in matters small and large. For example, when I'm writing a textbook, it has become second nature to check a dozen definitions of a key term, which helps me dig into the core and understand its meaning. But more than that, I now regularly compare my views with those of many others. If I have a " new idea," I now quickly look to see whether somebody else has already thought of it, or something similar-and I then compare what I think with what others have thought. This certainly makes my own views clearer. Moreover, I can find out whether my reactions to an event are reasonable enough by reading about those of others on the Internet.
These effects of the Internet have become even more striking since I've begun using a smartphone. I now regularly pull out my phone to check a fact, watch a video, read weibo. Such activities fill the spaces that used to be dead time (such as waiting for somebody to arrive for a lunch meeting).
But that's the upside (好处).The downside is that in those dead periods I often would let my thoughts flow and sometimes would have an unexpected insight or idea. Those opportunities are now fewer and farther between.
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An Extension of the Human Brain |
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A prosthetic nature |
荫 ●The (71) ▲can help make up for our mental and emotional deficiencies as a wooden leg can compensate for a bodily deficiency. • ●It (72) ▲in our daily events, extending our intelligence, comprehending our feelings, and expanding the range of social activities. |
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Wonderful aspects: memory and judgment |
• ●On the Internet, we could quickly and easily locate the details, and check facts, without (73) ▲them in mind. |
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• ●The Internet makes us smarter over (74) ▲kinds of things. It provides a dozen definitions of a key term for us to find the (75) ▲of the matter. • ●The Internet enables us to exchange ideas with many others to (76) ▲our claims, and to (77) ▲our actions. |
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The (78) ▲sides of smartphones |
• ●Smartphones make it easier and more (79) ▲to check reality, watch video clips, read weibo. |
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• ●Smartphones (80) ▲the possibility for new and insightful minds, and steal away our dead time. |
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Enough"meaningless drivel"．That's the message from a group of members of the UK government who have been examining how social media firms like LinkedIn gather and use social media data．
The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee's report，released last week，has blamed firms for making people sign up to long incomprehensible legal contracts and calls for an international standard or kitemark （认证标记） to identify sites that have clear terms and conditions．
"The term and conditions statement that we all carelessly agree to is meaningless drivel to anyone，"says Andrew Miller，the chair of the committee．Instead，he says，firms should provide a plain﹣English version of their terms．The simplified version would be checked by a third party and awarded a kitemark if it is an accurate reflection of the original．
It is not yet clear who would administer the scheme，but the UK government is looking at introducing it on a voluntary basis．"we need to think through how we make that work in practice，"says Miller．
Would we pay any more attention to a kitemark？"I think if you went and did the survey，people would like to think they would，"says Nigel Shadbolt at the University of Southampton，UK，who studies open data．"We do know people worry a lot about the inappropriate use of their information．"But what would happen in practice is another matter，he says．
Other organisations such as banks ask customers to sign long contracts they may not read or understand，but Miller believes social media requires special attention because it is so new．"We still don't know how significant the long﹣term impact is going to be of unwise things that kids put on social media that come back and bite them in 20years'time，"he says．
Shadbolt，who gave evidence to the committee，says the problem is that we don't know how companies will use our data because their business models and uses of data are still evolving．Large collections of personal information have become valuable only recently，he says．
The shock and anger when a social media firm does something with data that people don't expect，even if users have apparently permission，show that the current situation isn't working．If properly administered，a kitemark on terms and conditions could help people know what exactly they are signing up to．Although they would still have to actually read them．
73．What does the phrase"meaningless drivel"in paragraphs 1and 3 refer to？
A．Legal contracts that social media firms make people sign up to．
B．Warnings from the UK government against unsafe websites．
C．Guidelines on how to use social media websites properly．
D．Insignificant data collected by social media firms．
74．It can be inferred from the passage that Nigel Shadbolt doubts whether ．
A．social media firms would conduct a survey on the kitemark scheme
B．people would pay as much attention to a kitemark as they think
C．a kitemark scheme would be workable on a nationwide scale
D．the kitemark would help companies develop their business models
75．Andrew Miller thinks social media needs more attention than banks mainly because ．
A．their users consist largely of kids under 20years old
B．the language in their contracts is usually harder to understand
C．the information they collected could become more valuable in future
D．it remains unknown how users'data will be taken advantage of
76．The writer advises users of social media to ．
A．think carefully before posting anything onto such websites
B．read the terms and conditions even if there is a kitemark
C．take no further action if they can find a kitemark
D．avoid providing too much personal information
77．Which of the following is the best title of the passage？
A．Say no to social media？
B．New security rules in operation？
C．Accept without reading？
D．Administration matters!
Is there link between humans and climate change or not？This question was first studied in the early 1900s．Since then，many scientists have thought that our actions do make a difference．In 1997，the Kyoto Protocol explained our role in the Earth's changing atmosphere and set international limits for gas emissions（排放） from 2008 to 2012．Some countries have decided to continue these reductions until 2020．More recently，the Paris Agreement，stuck by nearly 200 countries，also aims to limit global warming．But just now how much warmer it will get depends on how deeply countries cut carbon emissions．
70．It can be concluded from paragraph 1that ．
A．the problem of global warming will have been quite solved by 2020
B．gas emissions have been effectively reduced in developed countries
C．the Paris Agreements is more influential than the Kyoto Protocol
D．humans have made continuous efforts to slow down global warming
71．If nations could only keep the initial promises of the Paris Agreement，what would happen by the year 2100？
A．The human population would increase by one third．
B．Little over 50% of all species would still exist．
C．Nations would not need to tighten their emissions targets．
D．The Agreement's minimum goal would not be reached．
72．If those island nations not far above sea level are to survive，the maximum temperature rise，since the start of the industrial age，should be ．
A.0.8℃
B.1.5℃
C.2℃
D.3.5℃
One early morning，I went into the living room to find my mother reading a thick book called Best Loved Poems to Read Again and Again．My interest was aroused only by the fact that the word"Poems"appeared in big，hot pink letters．
"Is it good？"I asked her．
"Yeah，"she answered．"There's one I really like and you'll like it，too．"I leaned forward．
"‘Patty Poem，'"she read the title．Who is Patty？I wondered．The poem began：
She never puts her toys away，
Just leaves them scattered①where they lay，…①散乱的
The poem was just three short sections．The final one came quickly：
When she grows and gathers poise②，②稳重
I'll miss her harum﹣scarum③ noise，③莽撞的
And look in vain④ for scattered toys．④徒劳地
And I'll be sad．
A terrible sorrow washed over me．Whoever Patty was，she was a mean girl．Then，the shock．
"It's you，honey，"My mother said sadly．
To my mother，the poem revealed a parent's affection when her child grows up and leaves．To me，the"she"in the poem was horror．It was my mama who would be sad．It was so terrible I burst out crying．
"What's wrong？"my mother asked．
"Oh Mama，"I cried．"I don't want to grow up ever!"
She smiled．"Honey，it's okay．You're not growing up anytime soon．And when you do，I'll still love you，okay？"
"Okay，"I was still weeping．My panic has gone．But I could not help thinking about that silly poem．After what seemed like a safe amount of time，I read the poem again and was confused．It all fit so well together，like a puzzle．The language was simple，so simple I could plainly understand its meaning，yet it was still beautiful．I was now fascinated by the idea of poetry，words that had the power to make or break a person's world．
I have since fallen in love with other poems，but"Patty Poem"remains my poem．After all，"Patty Poem"gave me my love for poetry not because it was the poem that lifted my spirits，but because it was the one that hurt me the most．
66．Why was the writer attracted by the book Best Loved Poems to Read Again and Again？
A．It was a thick enough book．
B．Something on its cover caught her eye．
C．Her mother was reading it with interest．
D．It has a meaningful title．
67．After her mother read the poem to her，the writer felt at first．
A．sad
B．excited
C．horrified
D．confused
68．The writer's mother liked to read"Patty Poem"probably because ．
A．it reflected her own childhood
B．it was written in simple language
C．it was composed by a famous poet
D．it gave her a hint of what would happen
69．It can be concluded from the passage that"Patty Poem"leads the writer to ．
A．discover the power of poetry
B．recognize her love for puzzles
C．find her eagerness to grow up
D．experience great homesickness．
Stress：Good or Bad？
Stress used to be an almost unknown word，but now that we are used to talking about it，I have found that people are beginning to get stressed about being stressed．
In recent years，stress（33） （regard） as a cause of a whole range of medical problems，from high blood pressure to mental illness．But like so many other things，it is only too much stress（34） does you harm．It is time you considered that if there were no stress in your life，you would achieve a little．If you are stuck at home with no stress，then your level of performance will be low．Up to a certain point，the more stress you are under，the （35） （good） your performance will be．Beyond a certain point，though，further stress will only lead to exhaustion，illness and finally a breakdown．You can tell when you are over the top and on the downward slope，by asking yourself （36） number of questions．Do you，for instance，feel that too much is being expected of （37） ，and yet find it impossible to say no？Do you find yourself getting impatient or （38） （annoy） with people over unimportant things？…If the answer to all those questions is yes，you had better（39） （control ） your stress，as you probably are under more stress than is good for you．
To some extent you can control the amount of stress in your life．Doctors have worked out a chart showing how much stress is involved in various events．Getting married is 50，pregnancy 40，moving house 20，Christmas 12，etc．If the total stress in your life is over 150，you are twice as likely （40） （get）ill．