Unlike chemists and physicists, who usually do their experiments using machines, biologists and medical researchers have to use living things like rats. But there are three Nobel prize-winning scientists who actually chose to experiment on themselves – all in the name of science, reported The Telegraph.
1. Werner Forssmann (Nobel prize winner in 1956)
Forssmann was a German scientist. He studied how to put a pipe inside the heart to measure the pressure inside and decide whether a patient needs surgery.
Experiments had been done on horses before, so he wanted to try with human patients. But it was not permitted because the experiment was considered too dangerous.
Not giving up, Forssmann decided to experiment on himself. He anaesthetized (麻醉) his own arm and made a cut, putting the pipe 30 centimeters into his vein. He then climbed two floors to the X-ray room before pushing the pipe all the way into his heart.
2. Barry Marshall (Nobel prize winner in 2005)
Most doctors in the mid-20th century believed that gastritis was down to stress, spicy food or an unusually large amount of stomach acid. But in 1979 an Australian scientist named Robin Warren found that the disease might be related to a bacteria called Helicobacter pylori.
So he teamed up with his colleague, Barry Marshall, to continue the study. When their request to experiment on patients was denied, Marshall bravely drank some of the bacteria. Five days later, he lost his appetite and soon was vomiting each morning – he indeed had gastritis.
3. Ralph Steinman (Nobel prize winner in 2011)
This Canadian scientist discovered a new type of immune system cell called the dendritic cell. He believed that it had the ability to fight against cancer.
Steinman knew he couldn’t yet use his method to treat patients. So in 2007, when doctors told him that he had cancer and that it was unlikely for him to live longer than a year, he saw an opportunity.
With the help of his colleagues, he gave himself three different vaccines based on his research and a total of eight experimental therapies. Even though Steinman eventually died from his cancer, he lived four and a half years, much longer than doctors had said he would.What’s the main purpose of the article?
| A．To introduce a few Nobel prize winners who did experiments on themselves. |
| B．To list difficulties that scientists went through in order to make important discoveries. |
| C．To explain why some scientists chose to experiment on themselves. |
| D．To introduce some dangerous experiments that Nobel prize winners did on themselves. |
Which of the following is TRUE according to the article?
| A．Forssmann’s experiment ended in failure. |
| B．Forssmann had the pipe pushed all the way into his heart. |
| C．Barry Marshall succeeded by drinking some Helicobacter pylori. |
| D．Barry Marshall’s experiment on himself confirmed that most doctors’ belief about gastritis |
was correct.The underlined word “gastritis” in Paragraph 5 probably means ______.
| A．a kind of bacteria |
| B．a kind of stomach disease |
| C．a new type of therapy |
| D．a large amount of stomach acid |
From the text, we can conclude that Ralph Steinman ______.
| A．discovered a new type of cancer cell called the dendritic cell |
| B．tried different therapies containing the dendritic cell on himself |
| C．had his request to experiment on patients denied |
| D．believed that he was better than doctors at treating cancer |
C
Elizabeth Blackwell was born in England in 1821, and moved to New York City when she was ten years old. One day she decided that she wanted to become a doctor. That was nearly impossible for a woman in the middle of the nineteenth century. After writing many letters asking for admission(录取) to medical schools, she was finally accepted by a doctor in Philadelphia. She was so determined that she taught school and gave music lessons to get money for the cost of schooling.
In 1849, after graduation from medical school. she decided to further her education in Paris. She wanted to be a surgeon(外科医师) , but a serious eye problem forced her to give up the idea.
Upon returning to the United States, she found it difficult to start her own practice because she was a woman. By 1857 Elizabeth and her sister, also a doctor, along with another woman doctor, managed to open a new hospital, the first for women and children Besides being the first woman physician and founding her own hospital , she also set up the first medical school for women.
66. Why couldn’t Elizabeth Blackwell realize her dream of becoming a surgeon?
A. She couldn’t get admitted to medical school
B. She decided to further her education in Paris
C. A serious eye problem stopped her
D. It was difficult for her to start a practice in the United States
67. What main obstacle(障碍) almost destroyed Elizabeth’s chances for becoming for a doctor?
A. She was a woman.
B. She wrote too many letters.
C. She couldn’t graduate from medical school.
D. She couldn’t set up her hospital.
68. How many years passed between her graduation from medical school and the opening of her hospital?
A. Eight years B. Ten yearsC. Nineteen yearsD. Thirty-six years
69. According to the passage, all of the following are “firsts” in the life of Elizabeth Blacekwell except that she ______.
A. became the first woman physician
B. was the first woman doctor
C. and several other women founded the first hospital for women and children
D. set up the first medical school for women
70. Eilzabeth Blackwell spent most of her lift in _______.
A. England B. Paris C. the United States D. New York City
B
A young British sailor was missing at sea yesterday in similar circumstances(情况)to the way his father died five years ago．
The dinghy(救生橡皮船)，used to take Richard Smith，21，to his yacht(快艇)，was discovered empty, floating in seas off the Caribbean island．An air and sea search was carried out but he has still not been discovered．
Richard’s mother, Bicknell，said from her home in Hampshire，“It’s so much coincidence．Richard always carried a photograph of his father attached to a poem，which included the date of his disappearance．”
“Now, it’s very strange because all they have found is Richard’s dinghy．We need to know this time what has happened one way or another．If you know at least you can go through the grieving process(悲痛的过程)．”
In November 1996，Mr. Smith’s father, Charlie，was sailing in the Tasmen sea between the Australian mainland and the island of Tasmen with his new wife．They lost radio contact with the shore and they, together with their yacht were never seen again，and their disappearance remains a mystery．
Richard is described a talented(有才能的)and experienced sailor who has crewed for the champion ocean racer．He had sailed to the。Caribbean in November to crew ocean racing yachts for entertainment．He ended the evening drinking in the Abracbabra bar but left after local police closed it for being too noisy．
About 2 am the following day Richard headed back for his dinghy．He started its outboard motor before giving all elderly woman a lift to her yacht after her dinghy had gone missing．It was the last time he was seen．
61．Riehard Smith was___________in 2000．
A．ten B．fifteen C．twenty D．eighteen
62．People searched for Richard using_____．
A．ship only B．ship and radio C．ship and plane D．yacht and car
63．According to the passage，we know Richard died because____．
A．he was a green hand in sailing
B．some unknown animal attacked him
C．that was a maze in the area he was sailing
D．of something we don’t know
64．Which statement is NOT true according to this passage?
A．Young Smith had lost radio contact with the shore before he died．
B．Richard’s father had married two women at least．
C．Richard didn’t drink on the evening before he was lost because the policeman closed the bar．
D．Richard was seen at about 2 am the day he disappeared．
65．The writer tells us__________．
A．a story about two heroes B．a piece of news about a merchant ship
C．a coincidence D．the dying process of Richard
第三部分：阅读理解（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出一个最佳选项。
A
Satellites are an important part of our ordinary lives．For example, the information for weather forecasts is sent by satellite．Some satellites have cameras which take photographs of the Earth to show how clouds are moving．Satellites are also used to connect our international phone calls．
Computer connections of the World Wide Web and Internet also use satellites. Many of our TV programs come to US through satellites．Airplane pilots also sometimes use a satellite to help them find their exact location．
We use satellites to send television pictures from one part of the world to another．They are usually 35，880 kilometers above the equator．Sometimes we can see a satellite in the sky and it seems to stay in the same place．This is because it is moving around the world at 11，000 kilometers an hour—exactly the same speed that the earth rotates．A satellite must orbit the Earth with its antennae(天线)facing the earth．Sometimes, it moves away from its orbit，So there are little rockets on it which are used to put the satellite back in the right position．This usually happens about every five or six days．
Space is not empty! Every week, more and more satellites are sent into space to orbit the Earth．A satellite usually works for about 10-12 years．Satellites which are broken are sometimes repaired by astronauts or sometimes brought back to Earth to be repaired．Often，very old or broken satellites are left in space to orbit the Earth for a very long time．This is very serious because some satellites use nuclear power and they can crash into each other．
56．Which of the following is NOT done by satellites according to the passage?
A．Sending information for weather forecast．
B．Taking photographs of the Earth．
C．Sending TV pictures．
D．Providing food for airplane pilots．
57．What’s the speed the earth rotates at?
A．35,880 kilometers per hour． B．335,880 kilometers per hour．
C．11,000 kilometers per hour． D．110,000 kilometers per hour
58．Why does the satellite move around the world at the same speed as the Earth rotates?
A．In order to take photographs．
B．In order to stay in a certain position in the orbit．
C．In order to move away from its orbit．
D．In order to send television pictures．
59．What does the underlined word “This” refer to?
A．A satellite．
B．A little rocket．
C．A satellite seems to stay in the same place in the sky．
D．The satellite puts the rockets in the right position．
60．Which is true of satellites?
A．A satellite usually works for about 10-2 years．
B．Every time a satellite gets broken，it is brought back to the Earth to be repaired．
C．A broken satellite is never left in space．
D．They often crash into each other．
D
Lex Kim English School Information Session Description
Lex Kim English School offers language improvement courses in reading, writing, grammar, and speech to students from Grades 3 to 11. All classes are conducted in English and class sizes are no larger than 10 students.
We are looking for full-time teachers and assistant teachers who’re interested in very organized self-starters. Our application process includes a phone interview, an in-person interview, and a sample teaching period. Additionally, all applicants must standards for the available positions:
Native English speakers with at least 15 years’ experience in teaching
A Bachelor’s degree or higher (preferably in education, English, or related fields)
Benefits
Teacher pay ranges from $26,000 to $45,000 depending on experience plus overtime pay and various performance-based prizes throughout the year free dinners, and other benefits.
Required documents:
The cover letter ( please indicate the position you are applying for )
The resume（个人简历）with your Date The recent photo of yourself or the copy of your passport
At least two references（推荐信）from your former employer
Contact
Please visit our website at www.lexkimjob.com for more information and visit http://lexkimjob.com/apply/main.php to submit（提交）your application.
53. According to the passage, Lex Kim English School _______.
A. only offers classes to the students in the morning
B. has students of all ages who are weak in English
C. is very strict about the application process
D. is badly in need of part-time English teachers
54. Who is the most likely to be hired by Lex Kim English School ?
A. A Frenchman with a Bachelor’s degree in education
B. An American with a Master’s degree in economics
C. A Korean with a Doctor’s degree who has worked in America for 18 years
D. An Englishman who has 16 years’ experience in teaching in a Canadian college
55. We can know from the passage that _______.
A. applicants must hand in their passports to the school
B. teachers of Lex Kim English School must use English to teach grammar
C. the more experienced applicants are, the higher pay they will get
D. applicants can go directly to the school to apply for the positions
C
Every once in a while, it is necessary to take a step back in order to take a long, hard look at where we are in our lives. At this point, it is good to ask yourself a bunch of critical questions. Have you so far accomplished all of your goals in life ? If so, you have not accomplished your goals in life, then perhaps you have made the mistake of setting too many goals or trying to accomplish them at an unnaturally fast pace.
It is necessary to set reasonable, intelligent goals in order to succeed in life. Do not be unrealistic because life is not a fairy tale. But you should try to recognize what you want,when attempting to visualize（形象化） or otherwise express what your goals in life are.
In order for a goal to sufficiently motivate you, it needs to be a major one. The bigger your goals are, then the more motivated you will need to be to work towards accomplishing them. If you want, you are a beginner, then no doubt mastering those tough songs is a very intelligent and realistic goal to set. But if that is your only goal as a pianist achieved. This is why it is necessary to constantly stop and re-evaluate our goals so that we are aware of what they are, and thus stay motivated.
49. From the passage, if your goals have all been achieved, you should then ______.
A. ask yourself some serious questions B. take a hard look at your success
C. set some other intelligent goals D. stretch yourself to relax
50. By saying “life is not a fairy tale”, the author suggests that you should ________ .
A. set as big a goal as possible B. try hard to realize your dream
C. make your goals practical D. abandon all your ambitions
51. To perform several Beethoven pieces well is a goal that _______.
A. is not suitable for the pianist B. is appropriate for a beginner
C. stops you from growing as a pianist D. is very easy to achieve
52. What is the best title for the passage ?
A. Set Intelligent Goals for Yourself B. Try to Accomplish Your Goals
C. Get Yourself More Motivated D. Goals Help You to Succeed