ForChildrenMuseum:Children’sMu-优题课

The Rugby (英式橄榄球) World Cup is currently being held in New Zealand. The tournament, due to finish on October 23, is living up to the famous English saying, “Rugby is a thug's (暴徒) game played by gentlemen. ”
The games are physically aggressive; the tackles (冲撞) on the pitch are brutal; but the end of each match is a civilized affair. Players shake hands and applaud each other. Of course, the other side to this saying is: "Football is a gentleman's game played by thugs. " Indeed, unlike soccer players, rugby players don't often question the referee's (裁判员) decisions or pretend to be injured when they are not.
“Football could learn a lot from rugby," said Brian Moore, a former England rugby player "The wonderful spirit of rugby is: there is a gentlemanly code to it. You play hard on the pitch, but you always respect your opponent..
Rugby is mainly played in Europe. Australia, New Zealand and parts of Africa. "It is more enjoyable to play than soccer because you are always involved in the game," said Peter, a Welsh rugby coach. "Rugby is also a far superior test of strength, stamina (耐力) and determination. "
Most professional rugby players are large, strong and weigh over 90 kilograms. People who play the sport need to be tough and be prepared to get hurt. Black eyes, broken bones, lost teeth and being knocked unconscious—all these are common injuries. Former British Prime Minister Gordon Brown is blind in one eye thanks to a rugby accident at school.
In England, children begin playing the game at school at the age of 8. When they enter high school, many begin to play full contact rugby. Children are taught to play for around one hour a week during their PE lessons. Most schools have a rugby team. Children who play for the school team are usually the sportiest kids, and are seen as brave and athletic.
What can be concluded from the first three paragraphs?

A．Football players are not real gentlemen.

B．There is a better spirit in playing rugby than football.

C．Football players are not as athletic as rugby players.

D．Brian Moore thinks that rules should be stricter in football.

According to the passage, Peter thinks ______.

A．rugby players pretend to be injured when they are not

B．rugby is not very popular in America and Asia

C．rugby makes people enjoy sports better than soccer

D．rugby needs players' strong will rather than strength

The example of Gordon Brown is mentioned in order to .

A．prove that playing rugby can earn people fame

B．explain why Gordon Brown is blind in one eye

C．support the point that rugby players often get hurt

D．warn teenagers against playing rugby at school

What can we infer from the passage?

A．Teenagers will lose interest in football.

B．English children have a talent for rugby.

C．Playing rugby doesn't involve skills.

D．Rugby is not suitable for everyone.

During the teenage years, hormonal (荷尔蒙的) changes lead to physical changes like rapid muscle growth, burst in height, and weight gain in both boys and girls. Take a look at the information and height and weight charts for teens presented in this article if the question “How much should I weigh for my age and height” is bothering you.
Average Height and Weight Charts for Teens
Faster growth in kids usually can be noticed at age 8. Genetic factors also determine the physical growth of a child. So, it is perfectly normal for two kids of the same age to have different weights and heights. The following figures should be used as guidelines only.

	For Boys	For Girls
Age	Height	Weight	Height	Weight
in Years	in Inches	in Pounds	in Inches	in Pounds
12-13	58-62	85-100	60-63	95-105
14-15	63-66	105-125	63-64	105-115
16-17	67-70	130-150	64	115-120
18-20	68-70	150-160	64	125-130

Ideal Body Fat Percentage
Fit men have 14% - 17% body fat.
Fit women have 21% -24% body fat.
Male athletes have 6% -13% body fat.
Female athletes have 14% - 20% body fat.
The ideal body fat percentage varies mainly according to age, sex and the physical activity of the individual. But it is a fat. So, it can be observed that other than the above mentioned factors, genetic factors also influence the body-fat rct that some female athletes have body fat as low as 10 % and some male athletes had lower than 4% body faatio.
Body Mass Index (BMI)
You may use the following formula to calculate your BMI:
As per SI Units (国际单位) : BMI =" mass" (kg)/[height (meters) ]²
Imperial (英制的) Units 1: BMI =" mass" (Ib. ) x703/[ height (in. ) ]²
Imperial Units 2: BMI =" mass" (Ib. ) x 4. 88/[ height (ft) ]²
Following conclusions can be derived from (得到) calculating the BMI:

BMI Calculated	Conclusion
BMI 18.5~25	Normal or ideal weight
BMI > 25	Overweight
BMI < 18. 5	Underweight
BMI < 17. 5	Extremely underweight
BMI =" 30" or BMI > 30	Obese(病态肥胖的)
BMI =" 40" or BMI > 40	Extremely obese

According to the Average Height and Weight Charts for Teens, ____.

A．girls keep on growing taller during the teenage years

B．girls grow faster at the end of teenager years than boys

C．girls grow faster at the beginning of teenager years than boys

D．boys' average weight is always heavier than girls' during the teenage years

Which of the following statements about ideal body fat percentage is RIGHT?

A．Fit men have higher body fat percentage than fit women.

B．Male athletes have higher body fat percentage than fit men.

C．Female athletes have lower body fat percentage than male athletes.

D．Male athletes have much lower body fat percentage than female athletes.

After calculating the BMI, you can reach the conclusion whether ____.

A．your weight is normal

B．your hormone level is normal

C．your height is right for your age

D．your body fat percentage is ideal

If a boy is 1. 5 meters in height and weighs 68 kilograms, then he is ____.

A．normal	B．obese
C．extremely obese	D．Underweight

If you saw another kid ride her bike too fast around a corner and fall down, you might ride your bike more slowly on that turn. Yes, we humans are very sensitive to others' mistakes. And the same is true for other animals. Animals mess up all the time. They might eat poisonous leaves, fall off a tree or let their prey (猎物) slip away. By watching others fail, an animal can avoid making the same mistakes, thus improving its chance of survival.
Scientists suspected that one part of the brain helps animals process information about others' errors. Cells in that part appear to become more active when a person sees someone else making a mistake. But researchers didn't know whether individual cells in this part of the brain play different roles in detecting errors.
To investigate the brain's response to errors in more detail, the researchers taught a game to two macaques, a type of monkey. One monkey could press a yellow or green button while the other watched. If the first monkey pressed the right button, the team gave both animals a treat. Every couple of rounds, the two monkeys switched roles. Meanwhile, the scientists monitored individual cells in the animal's brains.
When the first monkey messed up the game by pressing the wrong button, a group of cells in the second monkey's brain fired. But if the second monkey also made the wrong choice during its turn, some of the cells in that group didn't respond. Those unresponsive cells reacted specifically to mistakes made by others, not to the monkey's own mistakes.
Scientists believe other parts of the brain also might help people process information about another's errors. "You start to think about this other person and see things from his angle. " Ellen de Bruijn, told Science News. She studies the brain at the University of Leiden in the Netherlands.
According to Paragraph 1 , animals' ability to learn from others' mistakes ______.

A．used to be ignored by humans

B．ensures that they will never fail

C．is being lost because of humans

D．helps them to survive better

The underlined word "detecting" in Paragraph 2 probably means "______".

A．correcting	B．making
C．sensing	D．drawing

In the experiment mentioned, those unresponsive cells are only sensitive to ______.

A．the same buttons	B．others' mistakes
C．one's own mistakes	D．the monkey's brain

This is an excerpt from Emma Watsons speech at the United Nations headquarters.
Today we are launching a campaign（called "He For She"）. I am reaching out to you because we need your help. We want to end gender inequality, and to do this, we need everyone involved. This is the first campaign of this kind in the UN. We want to try to involve as many men and boys as possible to be advocates for change.
I started questioning gender-based assumption a long time ago. When I was 8, I was confused being called bossy because I wanted to direct a play that we put on for our parents, but the boys were not. When I was 14, I started to be sexualized by certain elements of the media. At 15, my girlfriends started dropping out of a lot of sports teams because they didn’t want to appear masculine. At 18, my male friends were unable to express their feelings.
I decided that I was a feminist. This seemed uncomplicated to me. But my recent research has shown me that feminism has become an unpopular word. Women are choosing not to identify as feminists. Why has the word become such an uncomfortable one? I’m from Britain and I think it is right that I am paid the same as my male counterparts. I think it is right that I should make decisions about my own body. I think it is right that women be involved on my behalf in the policies and decisions that will affect my life. I think it is right that socially, I am afforded the same respect as men.
But sadly, I can say that there is no one country in the world where all women can expect to receive these rights. No country in the world can yet say that they have achieved gender equality. These rights, I considered to be human rights, but I am one of the lucky ones.
My life is a sheer privilege because my parents didn’t love me less because I was born a daughter. My school did not limit me because I was a girl. My mentors didn’t assume that I would end up nowhere because I might give birth to a child one day. These influences were the gender equality ambassadors that made me who I am today. They may not know it but they are the inadvertent feminists who are changing the world today. We need more of those.
Men, I would like to take this opportunity to extend you a formal invitation. Gender equality is your issue, too. Because to date, I’ve seen young men suffering from mental illness, unable to ask for help for fear it will make them less of a man, or less of men. I’ve seen men made fragile and insecure by distorted sense of what constitutes male success. Men don’t have the benefits of equality, either. Both men and women should feel free to be sensitive, both men and women should be free to be strong. This is what "He For She" is about. It’s about freedom.
You might be thinking: who is this Harry Potter girl? What is she doing at the UN? I’ve been asking myself at the same thing. All I know is that I care about this problem and I want to make it better. And having seen what I’ve seen and given the chance, I feel my responsibility to say something. Statesman Edmund Burke said all that is needed for the forces of evil to triumph is for good men and women to do nothing.
In my nervousness for this speech and in my moment of doubt, I told myself firmly: If not me, who? If not now, when? If you have similar doubts when opportunities are presented to you, I hope those words would be helpful. Because the reality is that if we do nothing, it will take 75 years, or for me it will be nearly 100 before women can be expected to be paid as same as men for the same work. 15.5 million girls will be married in the 16 years as children. At current rate, it will be until 2086 before all rural African girls can have secondary education. We are struggling for a uniting world, but the good news is we have a uniting movement. It is called “He For She”. I am inviting you to step forward, to be seen and to ask yourself: if not me, who? If not now, when?
Thank you.
The campaign “He For She” aims to ________.

A．give women more freedom than men

B．give men more freedom than women

C．involve everyone to struggle for the end of gender inequality

D．involve as many men and boys as possible to live a free life.

We can know from Emma Watson’s personal experience that _________.

A．feminism has become an unpopular word

B．her parents didn’t love her because she was born a daughter

C．she was called bossy because she didn’t want to appear masculine

D．her mentors treated her the same way they treated boy students.

What does the underlined sentence mean?

A．Good men and women doing nothing leads to evil forces to develop.

B．Good men and women need to do nothing to defeat evil forces.

C．The victory of evil force leads to good men and women doing nothing.

D．It is necessary for good men and women do nothing to combat evil forces.

In the speech, Emma calls on people to ________.

A．participate in the campaign actively and take actions

B．admit that men and women should be equally paid

C．pay more attention to men suffering from mental illnesses

D．believe in her although she acted in the Harry Potter series

Conventional wisdom says that hardship can make us old before our time. In fact, a new study suggests that violence not only leaves long-term scars on childrens bodies, but also changes their DNA, causing changes that are equal to seven to ten years of premature aging.
Scientists measured this by studying the ends of childrens chromosomes(染色体), called telomeres, says Idan Shalev, lead author of a study published in Molecular Psychiatry.
Telomeres are special DNA sequences which prevent the DNA in chromosomes from separating. They get shorter each time a cell divides, until a cell cannot divide any more and dies.
Several factors have been found to shorten telomeres, including smoking, radiation and psychological stresses such as being treated badly when young and taking care of a chronically ill person.
In this study, researchers examined whether exposure to violence could make children’s telomeres shorten faster than normal. They interviewed the mothers of 236 children at ages 5, 7 and 10, asking whether the youngsters had been exposed to domestic violence between the mother and her partner; physical maltreatment by an adult; or bullying. Researchers measured the children’s telomeres—in cells obtained by swabbing the insides of their cheeks—at ages 5 and 10.
Telomeres shortened faster in kids exposed to two or more types of violence, says Shalev. Unless that pattern changes, the study suggests, these kids could be expected to develop diseases of aging, such as heart attacks or memory loss, seven to 10 years earlier than their peers.
Shalev says there is hope for these kids. His study found that, in rare cases, telomeres can lengthen. Better nutrition, exercise and stress reduction are three things that may be able to lengthen telomeres, he says.
The study confirms a small but growing number of studies suggesting that early childhood adversity imprints itself in our chromosomes, says Charles Nelson, a professor of pediatrics and neuroscience at Harvard Medical School.
The new study found that ________.

A．hardship can change a childs aging

B．violence leaves scars on a childs mind

C．violence can speed up a childs aging

D．hardship has a long term effect on a childs mind

According to the text, telomeres ________.

A．are at the ends of peoples chromosomes

B．can help prevent DNA from separating

C．can make a cell die quickly

D．become shorter before they die

Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?

A．Violence can cause quick cell division in childrens body.

B．Researchers measured the childrens telomeres from their legs in the study.

C．Being treated badly will make a childs telomeres shorten faster.

D．Children who have shorter telomeres may have a heart attack earlier.

What is the best title for the text?

A．Violence Aging Childrens DNA

B．Childrens Changing DNA Patterns

C．Violence and Telomeres

D．The Function of Telomeres

A．visit the museum	B．play soccer
C．read children’s stories	D．play basketball

A．16 Yangtze Road	B．99 Brick Road
C．106 Green Street	D．89 North Main Street

A．looking for a hotel	B．eating fast food
C．doing eye exercises	D．taking a taxi