September30,2014Greetingsshare-优题课

The sharing economy has grown in recent years to include everything from apartment sharing to car sharing to community tool sharing. Since 2009, a new form of sharing economy has been emerging in neighborhoods throughout the US and around the world—— Little Free Library. The libraries are boxes placed in neighborhoods from which residents can withdraw (取出) and deposit (存入) books. Little Free Libraries come in all shapes and sizes. Some libraries also have themes, focusing on books for children, adults, or tour guides.
In 2009, Tod Bol built the first Little Free Library as a gift to his mother, who was a devoted reader. When he saw the people of his community gathering around it, exchanging conversation as well as books, he knew he wanted to take his simple idea further. “I think Little Free Libraries open the door to conversations we want to have with each other,” Bol said.
Since then, his idea has become a movement, spreading from state to state and country to country. According to Little FreeLibrary.org, there are now 18,000 of the little structures around the world, located in each of the 50 US states and 70 countries in Europe, Africa and Asia.
The Internet has helped to spread Little Free Libraries. But an Atlantic article says the little structures serve as a cure for a world of e-reader downloads. The little wooden boxes are refreshingly physical and human. For many people, the sense of discovery is Little Free Libraries’ main appeal. “A girl walking home from school might pick up a graphic novel that gets her excited about reading; a man on his way to the bus stop might find a volume of poetry that changes his outlook on life,” says the Atlantic article. “Every book is a potential source of inspiration”.
How do Little Free Libraries get their books?

A．The communities bought them.

B．Tod Bol donated them.

C．US government provided them.

D．Citizens shared them.

Why did Tod Bol want to build more Little Free Libraries?

A．They can offer neighbors more chances to talk.

B．He was inspired by the sharing economy.

C．He wanted to promote his idea worldwide.

D．They are a gift to please his mother.

What does the author of the Atlantic article believe?

A．Little Free Libraries are more popular than e-reader downloads.

B．E-reader downloads are undoubtedly beneficial.

C．Little Free Libraries are physical and human.

D．The Internet has helped to spread Little Free Libraries.

Little Free Libraries attract readers most in that ________.

A．they are in various shapes and sizes

B．they are located all over the world

C．they connect strangers together

D．they may give readers a sense of discovery

Two recent studies have found that punishment is not the best way to influence behavior.
One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards. Researchers at Harvard University in the United States and the Stockholm School of Economics in Sweden did the study.
They had about two hundred college students play a version of the game known as the Prisoner’s Dilemma. The game is based on the tension between the interests of an individual and a group. The students played in groups of four. Each player could win points for the group, so they would all gain equally. But each player could also reward or punish each of the other three players. Harvard researcher David Rand says the most successful behavior proved to be cooperation. The groups that rewarded the most earned about twice as much in the game as the groups that rewarded the least. And the more a group punished itself, the lower its earnings. The study appeared last month in the journal Science.
The other study involved children. It was presented last month in California at a conference on violence and abuse. Researchers used intelligence tests given to two groups. More than eight hundred children were aged two to four the first time they were tested. More than seven hundred children were aged five to nine. The two groups were retested four years later, and the study compared the results with the first test. Both groups contained children whose parents used physical punishment and children whose parents did not.
The study says the IQs of the younger children who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were. In the older group, the difference was almost three points. The more they are spanked, the slower their mental development.
Which of the following is TRUE according to the second study?

A．Children’s IQs have much to do with physical punishment.

B．The study is about violence and cooperation of children.

C．The children tested were divided into groups of four.

D．Children’s mental development only relies on their IQs.

What does the underlined word “spanked” refer to?

A．punished

B．blamed

C．tested

D．praised

What might be the best title for the text?

A．The Best Way to Correct Misbehavior

B．Punishment Is the Best Way of Education

C．Cooperation Is the Most Successful Behavior

D．Punishment or Reward: Which Works Better on Behavior?

Even before my father left us, my mother had to go back to work to support our family. Once I came out of the kitchen, complaining, “Mum, I can’t peel potatoes. I have only one hand.”
Mum never looked up from sewing. “You get yourself into that kitchen and peel those potatoes,” she told me. “And don’t ever use that as an excuse for anything again!”
In the second grade, our teacher lined up my class on the playground and had each of us race across the monkey bars, swinging from one high steel rod to the next. When it was my turn, I shook my head. Some kids behind me laughed, and I went home crying.
That night I told Mum about it. She hugged me, and I saw her “we’ll see about that” look. The next afternoon, she took me back to school. At the deserted playground, mum looked carefully at the bars.
“Now, pull up with your right arm,” she advised. She stood by as I struggled to lift myself with my right hand until I could hook the bar with my other elbow. Day after day we practiced, and she praised me for every rung I reached.
I’ll never forget the next time, crossing the rungs; I looked down at the kids who were standing with their mouths open.
One night, after a dance at my new junior high, I lay in bed sobbing. I could hear Mum came into my room. “Mum,” I said, weeping, “none of the boys would dance with me.”
For a long time, I didn’t hear anything. Then she said, “Oh, honey, someday you’ll be beating those boys off with a bat.” Her voice was faint and cracking. I peeked out from my covers to see tears running down her cheeks. Then I knew how much she suffered on my behalf. She had never let me see her tears.
Which of the following expressions can be used most suitably to describe Mum’s attitude when she made the child peel potatoes?

A．Cautious	B．Serious
C．Strict	D．Considerate

What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 4 imply?

A．Mum believed every aim could be achieved if you stuck to it.

B．The race across monkey bars was not difficult enough for a child to give up.

C．Mum was determined to prove she herself was better than the teacher.

D．What the child had said brought Mum great attraction and curiosity.[

When the child looked down at the kids, they were standing with their mouths open because ________.

A．they felt sorry for what they had done before

B．they were afraid the author might fall off and get hurt

C．they wanted to see what the author would do on the bars

D．they were astonished to find the author’s progress

The most probable conclusion we can draw after reading the passage is ________.

A．the last incident was sad enough to make Mum weep

B．the child’s experience reminded Mum of that of her own

C．Mum could solve any problem except the one in the last paragraph

D．Mum suffered more in the process of the child’s growth actually

There’s no doubt that man is the smartest. But do you know what other animals are smart, too?
Dolphins
Dolphins are very smart. Most of the “tricks” they’re taught to do are actually behavior they would engage in on their own. They love to play, race and generally enjoy their life to the fullest. They speak a language we have yet to completely understand and like all civilized creatures, dolphins’ mothers always provide their young children with guidance and possibly, love.
Great apes
The great ape family primarily consists of gorillas, chimpanzees and orangutans. Their brain chemistry is so similar to humans’ that NASA once used chimpanzees in place of astronauts during many dangerous missions. Gorillas have been taught sign language and orangutans exist in complex familial relationships.
Elephants
Everyone has heard the phrase “an elephant never forgets”. Elephants establish long-term friendships, recognizing and remembering their friends years later. If an elephant comes upon a fallen friend, it has even been known to feel sad.
Parrots
As proved by this list, parrots are very smart. They are also the only animals listed that can actually hold a conversation. Some parrots know hundreds of words by imitating humans. The birds are also capable of remembering words and using them intelligently in response to situations.
Which of the following is TRUE about dolphins?

A．They are able to play a lot of tricks.

B．Humans know well of dolphins’ language.

C．Their brain chemistry is similar to humans’.

D．Dolphins’ mothers care little about their children.

Which kind of animal has a long-term memory?

A．Dolphins.	B．Great apes.
C．Elephants.	D．Parrots.

According to the passage, the special characteristic of parrots is that __________.

A．they can use words remembered before to interact

B．they can imitate human beings by playing with them

C．they have the feeling of sadness when they see a dead bird

D．they can read people’s minds through words they remember

One of the greatest contributions to the first Oxford English Dictionary was also one of its most unusual. In 1879, Oxford University in England asked Prof. James Murray to serve as editor for what was to be the most ambitious dictionary in the history of the English language. It would include every English word possible and would give not only the definition but also the history of the word and quotations (引文) showing how it was used.
This was a huge task, so Murray had to find volunteers from Britain, the United States, and the British colonies to search every newspaper, magazine, and book ever written in English. Hundreds of volunteers responded, including William Chester Minor. Dr. Minor was an American surgeon who had served in the Civil War and was now living in England. He gave his address as “Broadmoor, Crowthorne, Berkshire,” 50 miles from Oxford.
Minor joined the army of volunteers sending words and quotations to Murray. Over the next 17 years, he became one of the staff’s most valued contributors.
But he was also a mystery. In spite of many invitations, he would always decline to visit Oxford. So in 1897, Murray finally decided to travel to Crowthorne himself. When he arrived, he found Minor locked in a book-lined cell at the Broadmoor Asylum (精神病院) for the Criminally Insane.
Murray and Minor became friends, sharing their love of words. Minor continued contributing to the dictionary, sending in more than 10,000 submissions in 20 years. Murray continued to visit Minor regularly, sometimes taking walks with him around the asylum grounds.
In 1910, Minor left Broadmoor for an asylum in his native America. Murray was at the port to wave
goodbye to his remarkable friend.
Minor died in 1920, seven years before the first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary was completed. The 12 volumes defined 414,825 words, and thousands of them were contributions from a very scholarly and devoted asylum patient.
According to the text, the first Oxford English Dictionary _________.

A．came out before minor died

B．was edited by an American volunteer

C．was intended to be the most ambitious English dictionary Murray

D．included the English words invented by Murray

How did Dr. Minor contributed to the dictionary?

A．He helped Murray to find hundreds of volunteers.

B．He sent newspapers, magazines and books to Murray.

C．He went to England to work with Murray.

D．He provided a great number of words and quotations

Why did Dr. Minor refuse to visit Oxford?

A．He lived far from Oxford

B．He was shut in an asylum

C．He was busy writing a book

D．He disliked traveling

Prof. Murray and Dr. Minor became friends mainly because __________.

A．They had a common interest in words

B．They both served in the Civil War

C．Minor recovered with the help of Murray

D．Murray went to America regularly to visit Minor