Does everyone want a challenging job? In spite of all the attention focused by the media, academicians, and social scientists on human potential and the needs of individuals, there is no evidence to support that the vast majority of workers want challenging jobs. Some individuals prefer highly complex and challenging jobs; others develop in simple, routine work.
The individual-difference variable（变量）that seems to gain the greatest support for explaining who prefers a challenging job and who doesn’t is the strength of an individual’s needs for personal growth and self-direction at work. Individuals with these higher-order growth needs are more responsive for challenging work. What percentage of ordinary workers actually desire higher-order need satisfactions and will respond positively to challenging jobs? No current data is available, but a study from the 1970s estimated the figure at about 15%. Even after adjusting for changing work attitudes and the growth in white-collar jobs, it seems unlikely that the number today exceeds 40%.
The strongest voice advocating challenging jobs has not been workers—it’s been professors, social science researchers, and media people. Professors, researchers, and journalists undoubtedly made their career choices, to some degree, because they wanted jobs that gave them autonomy, recognition and challenge. That, of course, is their choice. But for them, to force their needs onto the workforce in general is presumptuous (冒失的).
Not every employee is looking for a challenging job. Many workers meet their higher-order need off the job. There are 168 hours in every individual’s week. Work rarely consumes more than 30% of this time. That leaves considerable opportunities, even for individuals with strong growth needs, to find higher-order need satisfaction outside the workplace. So don’t feel you have a responsibility to create challenging jobs for all your employees. For many people, work is something that will never excite or challenge them. And they don’t expect to find their growth opportunities at work. Work is merely something they have to do to pay their bills. They can find challenges outside of work on the golf course, fishing, at their local pub, with their friends in social clubs, with their family, and the like.What makes people choose challenging jobs?
| A．Positive responses. | B．Work attitudes. |
| C．Higher-order growth needs. | D．Personal self-direction. |
Who is the least likely to prefer a challenging job?
| A．College professors. | B．Construction workers. |
| C．Social researchers. | D．Media journalists. |
The passage is intended for _______.
| A．job-hunters | B．researchers |
| C．employers | D．graduates |
Which is the best title for the passage?
| A．Not Everyone Wants a Challenging Job |
| B．Complex Jobs Offer Growth Opportunities |
| C．Employers Should Create Challenging Jobs |
| D．Challenging Jobs Give a Sense of Recognition |
Marie Claire Magazine is one of the top women’s health, beauty and fashion magazines in the world It has over 14 million readers all over the world．Maire Magazine is published in 32 countries including France, the Untied States ,Australia, China, the United Kingdom, Russia ,Spain Italy and many other nations.
Marie Claire Magazine has stood by its motto"More than a Pretty Face" since Jean Prouvost created it in France in1937. It was soon released every Wednesday and was an immediate success. Unfortunately, because of World War n, it stopped printing in 1940. But it b began in again in 1954 as a monthly publication（出版物)instead of a weekly one.
The magazine has provided women throughout the world with information on health ,struggles and life stories of women. The magazine also focuses on current affairs all women would be interested in .It also has a part that specifically answers readers' questions.
The magazine discusses all of the latest and hottest things in clothing and accessories（首饰）．It also provides its readers with shopping information to help find the best deals for the latest fashions.
The cover of Marie Claire Magazine has been graced（使增光）by many famous faces ,Although it is aimed at women, it broke new ground in 2003. The US publication featured a man一Tom Cruise on its cover for the first time．Marie Claire Magazine has continued to be a pioneer in the magazine industry.When was Marie Claire Magazine created?
| A． In 1937. | B． In 1940. | C． In 1954. | D． In 2003. |
Marie Claire Magazine includes sections on .
①health②fashion③first aid④current affairs
⑤babies⑥shopping⑦women's life stories⑧readers' questions
| A．①②③④⑤⑥ | B．②③④⑤⑥⑦ | C．②③⑤⑥⑦⑧ | D．①②④⑥⑦⑧ |
According to the passage，Marie Claire Magazine________.
| A．pays a lot of attention to readers's responses |
| B．has been a monthly magazine since 1937 |
| C．often has Tom Cruise on its cover |
| D．changed its boss in 1954 |
What do we know about Marie Claire Magazine？
| A．It is a local European magazine. |
| B． It never refers to hot social problems. |
| C． It contains beautiful pictures and useful articles. |
| D． It has more readers than any other magazine of the same kind |
In films, dads change from cruel men to loving souls. Here is a list of good and bad movies dads .Atticus Finch in To kill a Mockingbird（杀死一只知更鸟）
GOOD DAD:A man whose wife has died with a young family and a busy job as a lawyer, Gregory Peck's character in the 1962 film is one of the great heroes of American cinema Firm but fair he teaches his children respect and human decency（正派)．Harper Lee's novel gets a respectable transposition（转变)to film, thanks to Gregory Peck's perfect performance.
Jack Torrance in The Shining
BAD DAD: When Jack Torrance ,his wife ,Wendy ,and son, Danny ,escaped from the cold winter to the Overlook Hotel we know that Jack has hardly been a model father But when Jack becomes extremely angry and tries to murder his family with an axe, Danny used his intelligence to defeat him and left him to freeze to death．
George Bailey in It's a Wonderful life
GOOD DAD: James Stewart's character is a father-of-four who is saved from the edge of suicide (自杀)and realizes his positive effect on others lives．Much of the film is unpleasant, with George shouting at his children as he faces financial problems. But finally the lovable father realizes the worth of his own life, the value of friendship and the importance of being a loving dad
Darth Vader in The Empire Strikes Back（帝国大厦）
BAD DAD: When the unfriendly cyborg（半机器人）told Luke Skywalker that he was his father ,the son's reaction says it all: "No! No!" It's hardly a joyful welcome to the family. For most of his son's life, Darth Vader has been an absent dad—and he has just cut off Luke's hand You can understand why Father's Day cards might not be available.Who is Harper Lee?
| A． An actor. | B． A novelist | C． A movie director. | D． A translator. |
According to the text, ______died of freezing cold
| A． Jack Torrance | B． Wendy | C． Danny | D． Darth Vader |
Which movie should you watch if you want to see a helpless father change?
| A．To kill a Mockingbird | B．The Shining |
| C．It's a Wonderful Lift | D．The Empire Strikes Book |
What happened to Luke?
| A．He lost his hand in an accident |
| B．His father changed him into a cyborg. |
| C．He discovered that he had a cruel father: |
| D．His father lived with him for most of his life. |
Vivi Mac, an amazing artist from France, can use nearly any kind of food to create detailed celebrity portraits（名人肖像）．Although she has yet to display her short-lived work of arts in a proper art gallery, Vivi Mac has already made a name for herself online.
We've seen some amazing food artists in the past, but none are quite like this one .Karen Eland is a master coffee painter, Elisabetta Rogai uses wine as her medium(媒介），Kelly McCollam uses food colouring(食用色素）to recreat classic paintings, but the self-taught Vivi Mac can take anything from chewing gum to milk and turn it into a fantastic portrait When working with liquids, Mac uses a simple plastic straw and her hands to guide the unusual .mediums around a plastic plate which acts as a painting. Just how she manages to capture the finest facial features is still a mistery to me, and I've seen videos of her doing it many times，
Vivi Mac has never attended art school. She only used online resources like blogs and facebook to learn the basics of drawing and painting. She started out working with pens and paper, but soon realized drawing wasn't just creative enough for her. She got into speed painting and body painting, posting videos of her works on You Tube, but it wasn't until she began experimenting with different kinds of foods that her art got serious coverage. Photos and videos of her eatable celebrity portraits, like Bruce Lee in milk Ice Cube in crushed ice or Amy Winehouse in wine, became popular on the French inter-webs and changed Vivi Mac into an online celebrity.What does the underlined word "display" in the first paragraph mean?
| A．Exhibit. | B．Create. | C．Produce. | D．Store. |
What is the difference between Vivi Mac and other food artists?
| A．She Uses wine as her medium. |
| B．She is famous for her food website. |
| C．She turns any kind of food into a portrait |
| D．She uses spices to recreate classic paintings. |
In which section of a website are we most likely to find the passage？
| A．Food | B．Science | C．Art | D．Health |
Good health is the most valuable thing a person can have but one cannot take good health for granted .It is important to remember that the body needs proper care in order to be healthy. There are three things that a person can do to help stay in good shape, eat right food, get enough sleep, and exercise regularly.
Proper nutrition is important for good health. Your body cannot work well unless it receives the proper kind“fuel"．Don't eat too much food with lots of sugar and fat, Eat plenty of foods high in protein, like meat fish eggs and nuts. Vegetables and fruits are very important because they provide necessary vitamins and minerals. However don't overeat It is not helpful to be overweight
Getting the proper amount of sleep is also important. If you don't get enough sleep, you feel tired and easily get angry. You have no energy. Over a long period of time a little amount of sleep may even result In a change of personality（人的个性)．Be sure to allow yourself from seven to nine hours of sleep each ,If you do, your body will feel strong and refreshed ,and your mind will be sharp．
Finally, get plenty of exercise Exercise firms the body, strengthens the muscles, and prevents you from gaining weight It also improves your heart and lungs. If you follow a regular exercise program, you will probably increase your life-span（寿命)．An kind of exercise is good. Most sports excellent for keeping the body in good shapes: basketball, swimming, bicycling, running and so on. Sports are not only good for your body, but they are enjoyable and interesting, too.
If everybody were to eat the right foods, get plenty of sleep and exercise regularly, the world would be a happier and healthier place. We would all live to be much older and wiser.In order to keep good health______.
| A．we should eat a lot of sweets |
| B．one needs a large amount of fat |
| C．we must try to sleep now and then |
| D．people should eat according to the foods nutrition |
Eating more and sleeping less_______.
| A． can keep healthy | B． is no good for you |
| C． gets you more energy | D． will keep your personality |
The writer explains ________in the 4th paragraph.
| A． how to eat | B． what to eat |
| C． how to keep healthy | D． the importance of doing exercise |
The title for the article should be“_______".
| A． Eating and Exercising | B． How Vitamins Work in Man's Body |
| C． Staying Healthy | D． Sleeping Well |
It doesn’t kill germs better than cooler water, but turning tap temperatures high, the US burns carbon equal to the emissions of Barbados.
People typically wash their hands seven times a day in the United States, but they do it at a far higher temperature than is necessary to kill germs, a new study says. The energy waste is equivalent to the fuel use of a small country.
It’s cold and flu season, when many people are concerned about avoiding germs. But forget what you think you know about hand washing, say researchers at Vanderbilt University. Chances are good that how you clean up is not helping you stay healthy; it is helping to make the planet sick.
Amanda R. Carrico, a research assistant professor at the Vanderbilt Institute for Energy and Environment in Tennessee, told National Geographic that hand washing is often “a case where people act in ways that they think are in their best interest, but they in fact have inaccurate beliefs or outdated perceptions.”
Carrico said, “It’s certainly true that heat kills bacteria, but if you were going to use hot water to kill them it would have to be way too hot for you to tolerate.”
She explained that boiling water, 212°F (99.98°C), is sometimes used to kill germs - for example, to clean drinking water that might be polluted with germs. But “hot” water for hand washing is generally within 104°F to 131°F (40°C to 55°C.) At the high end of that range, heat could kill some germs, but the sustained contact that would be required would scald the skin.
Carrico said that after a review of the scientific literature, her team found “no evidence that using hot water that a person could stand would have any benefit in killing bacteria.” Even water as cold as 40°F (4.4°C) appeared to reduce bacteria as well as hotter water, if hands were scrubbed, rinsed（冲洗）and dried properly.
In fact, she noted that hot water can often have an unfavorable effect on hygiene. “Warmer water can harm the skin and affect the protective layer on the outside, which can cause it to be less resistant to bacteria,” said Carrico.
Using hot water to wash hands is therefore unnecessary, as well as wasteful, Carrico said, particularly when it comes to the environment. According to her research, people use warm or hot water 64 percent of the time when they wash their hands. Using that number, Carrico’s team calculated a significant impact on the planet.
“Although the choice of water temperature during a single hand wash may appear minor, when multiplied by the nearly 800 billion hand washes performed by Americans each year, this practice results in more than 6 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent emissions annually,” she said.
That’s roughly equal to the emissions of two coal-fired power plants, or 1,250,000 passenger vehicles, over the course of a year. It’s higher than the greenhouse gas emissions of small countries like El Salvador or Armenia, and is about equivalent to the emissions of Barbados. If all US citizens washed their hands in cooler water, it would be like eliminating the energy-related carbon emissions of 299,700 US homes, or the total annual emissions from the US zinc or lead industries.
The researchers found that close to 70 percent of respondents said they believe that using hot water is more effective than warm, room temperature, or cold water, despite a lack of evidence backing that up, said Carrico. Her study noted research that showed a “strong cognitive（认知的） connection” between water temperature and hygiene in both the United States and Western Europe, compared to other countries, like Japan, where hot water is associated more with comfort than with health.
The researchers published their results in the July 2013 issue of International Journal of Consumer Studies. They recommended washing with water that is at a “comfortable” temperature, which they noted may be warmer in cold months and cooler in hot ones.What does the writer mainly focus on when writing this passage?
| A．Whether hot water helps kill germs effectively in hand washing. |
| B．How hot water contributes to the serious worsening of our planet. |
| C．Why the consumption of hot water is unnecessary and wasteful. |
| D．What the advantages and disadvantages of using hot water are. |
The underlined word scald in paragraph six probably means .
| A．burn | B．improve | C．soften | D．wrinkle |
According to the passage, all the following share roughly the same CO2 emissions yearly EXCEPT .
| A．two coal-fired power plants | B．US zinc or lead industries |
| C．1,250,000 passenger vehicles | D．El Salvador or Armenia |
Which of the following is WRONG according to the passage?
A. Boiling water at 212°F (99.98°C) works effectively in killing germs.
B. Warmer water can damage the protective layer of the outside skin.
C. There is much difference between cold water and hot water in reducing bacteria.
D. Americans have inaccurate beliefs or outdated perceptions in hand washing.Which of the following is the standard of a comfortable water temperature for washing hands?
A. Warmer in winter and cooler in summer.
B. Between 104°F to 131°F (40°C to 55°C).
C. Below 104°F (40°C) or above 131°F (55°C).
D. Warm enough to kill germs and clean up. If you want to read stories of this kind afterwards, which of the following magazines will you probably subscribe to?
| A．Universal Science Fiction | B．Science & Discoveries |
| C．Environment & Protection | D．Exploration of America |