Eating at a slow speed may help reduce hunger, the U.S. researchers said on Monday. Previous research suggests that the ability to control energy intake may be affected by the speed at which we eat, and a high eating rate may damage the relationship between the sensory signals and processes that control how much we eat.
In order to learn more about the link between eating speed and energy intake, researchers examined how eating speed affects calories consumed during a meal in both normal-weight subjects as well as overweight or obese subjects.
In the new study, a group of normal-weight subjects and a group of overweight or obese subjects were asked to consume two meals in a controlled environment. All subjects ate one meal slowly, took small bites, chewed thoroughly, and paused and put the spoon down between bites, and ate a second meal quickly, took large bites, chewed quickly, and did not pause and put the spoon down.
At the conclusion of the study, the researchers found only normal-weight subjects had a statistically significant reduction in caloric consumption by eating slowly. “A lack of statistical significance in the overweight and obese group may be partly due to the fact that they consumed less food during both eating conditions compared to the normal-weight subjects,” Professor Meena Shah said, “it is possible that the overweight and obese subjects felt more self-conscious, and thus ate less during the study.”
Despite the differences in caloric consumption between the normal-weight and overweight and obese subjects, the study found some similarities. Both groups felt less hungry later on after the slow meal than after the fast meal, which indicates that greater hunger suppression（抑制）among both groups could be expected from a meal consumed more slowly. Also, both the normal-weight and overweight or obese groups consumed more water during the slow meal. “The higher water intake during the slow eating condition may have affected food consumption,” said Shah. According to Shah, slowing the speed of eating may help suppress hunger levels and “may even improve the enjoyment of a meal”.
The findings were published in the Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.What does the previous study have in common with the new one?
| A．There is a link between eating speed and energy intake. |
| B．Eating at a slow speed may help feel hungry. |
| C．Eating too fast may damage your stomach. |
| D．Eating rate may affect processes controlling how much we eat. |
What should the subjects do during the research?
| A．Both groups could totally eat the meals at any speed as they liked. |
| B．Both groups had to consume one meal in controlled eating conditions. |
| C．Both groups were asked to eat one meal slowly while the other quickly. |
| D．One group should eat slowly while the other one quickly. |
What caused the lack of statistically significant reduction in the overweight and obese group?
| A．They were told not to eat a lot. |
| B．In the study they had no appetite to eat. |
| C．They lost consciousness in the study. |
| D．They ate less food on purpose. |
What is the passage mainly about?
| A．New research findings about how to control eating rate. |
| B．A study about the link between eating speed and energy intake. |
| C．One may feel less hungry later on after the slow meal than after the fast meal. |
| D．Water intake may have affected food consumption. |
①Isaac Stern was more than a great violin player. He was one of the most honored musicians in the world. He was an international cultural ambassador. He was a major supporter of the arts in America and in other countries. He was a teacher and activist.
②Isaac Stern was born in 1920 in what is now Ukraine. His parents moved to San Francisco, California the following year. His mother began teaching Isaac the piano when he was six. He began taking violin lessons after hearing a friend play the instrument. Later, he began studying music at the San Francisco Conservatory (音乐学院).He progressed quickly. When he was 16, he played with the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra. The next year, he performed in New York City and was praised by music critics.
③During World War Ⅱ, Mr. Stern played for thousands of American soldiers. It was the first time many of them had heard classical music. After the war, he was the first American violinist to perform in a concert in the Soviet Union. He also supported young musicians and cultural organizations in Israel.
④In 1979, Isaac Stern visited China. He met with Chinese musicians and students. He taught them about classical Western music. His visit was made into a film, which is called From Mao to Mozart: Isaac Stern in China. It won an Academy Award for best documentary film.
⑤In 1984, Isaac Stern received the Kennedy Center Honors Award for his gifts to American culture through music. He expressed his thoughts about the part that music plays in life. He said he believed that music makes life better for everyone, especially children.
⑥Mr. Stern supported and guided younger classical musicians. They include violinists Itzhak Perlman and Pinchas Zukerman, cellist Yo -Yo Ma, and pianist Yefim Bronfman.
⑦Isaac Stern died in 2001 at the age of 81.He was a major influence on music in the 20th century. He leaves the world richer with his many recordings.Which of the following is the RIGHT time order for these events in Stern’s life?
a. He began learning music in an institution.
b. He received the Kennedy Center Honors Award.
c. He visited the Soviet Union.
d. He met with Chinese musicians.
e. He performed for American soldiers.
| A．a, e, c, d, b | B．a, e, b, c, d | C．e, a, b, c, d | D．e, a, c, d, b |
Paragraph 2 is mainly about _________ .
| A．how Stern began to learn music |
| B．how Stern began his musical career |
| C．Stern’s early education |
| D．Stern’s achievement in music |
The underlined word “cellist” in Paragraph 6 may refer to _________ .
| A．someone who supports young musicians |
| B．someone who wants to be a musician |
| C．someone who has a gift for music |
| D．someone who plays a certain kind of instrument |
Which of the following shows the RIGHT structure of the text?
| A．①→②③④⑤→⑥⑦ | B．①→②③④⑤⑥→⑦ |
| C．①②③④⑤⑥→⑦ | D．①②③→④⑤⑥⑦ |
If Confucius(孔子)were still alive today and could celebrate his September 28 birthday with a big cake, there would be a lot of candles. He’d need a fan or a strong wind to help him put them out.
While many people in China will remember Confucius on his special day ,few people in the United States will give him a passing thought. It’s nothing personal. Most Americans don’t even remember the birthdays of their own national heroes.
But this doesn’t mean that Americans don’t care about Confucius. In many ways he has become a bridge that foreigners must cross if they want to reach a deeper understanding of China.
In the past two decades, the Chinese studies programs have gained huge popularity in Western universities. More recently, the Chinese government has set up Confucius Institutes in more than 80 countries. These schools teach both Chinese language and culture. The main courses of Chinese culture usually include Chinese art, history and philosophy(哲学).Some social scientists suggest that Westerners should take advantage of the ancient Chinese wisdom to make up for the drawbacks of Western philosophy. Students in the United States, at the same time, are racing to learn Chinese. So they will be ready for life in a world where China is an equal power with the United States. Businessmen who hope to make money in China are reading books about Confucius to understand their Chinese customers.
So the old thinker’s ideas are still alive and well.
Today China attracts the West more than ever, and it will need more teachers to introduce Confucius and Chinese culture to the West.
As for the old thinker, he will not soon be forgotten by people in the West, even if his birthday is.The opening paragraph is mainly intended to .
| A．provide some key facts about Confucius |
| B．attract the readers’ interest in the subject |
| C．show great respect for the ancient thinker |
| D．prove the popularity of modern birthday celebrations |
We can learn from Paragraph 4 that American students .
| A．have a great interest in studying Chinese |
| B．take an active part in Chinese competitions |
| C．try to get high scores in Chinese exams |
| D．fight for a chance to learn Chinese |
What is the best title for the passage?
| A．Forgotten Wisdom in America |
| B．Huge Fans of the Chinese Language |
| C．Chinese Culture for Westerners |
| D．Old Thinker with a Big Future |
The passage is likely to appear in .
| A．a biography | B．a history paper |
| C．a newspaper | D．a philosophy textbook |
By the mid-nineteenth century, the “icebox” had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families of their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursors of modern refrigerator, had been invented.
Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.
But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium(奖金) price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.What does the passage mainly discuss?
| A．The influence of ice on the diet. |
| B．The development of refrigeration. |
| C．The transportation of goods to market. |
| D．Sources of ice in the nineteenth century. |
According to the passage, when did the word “icebox” become part of the language of the United States?
| A．in 1803 | B．sometime bore 1850 |
| C．during the civil war | D．near the end of the nineteenth century. |
The phrase “forward-looking” in line 3 is closest in meaning to______.
| A．progressive | B．popular | C．thrifty | D．well-established |
The author mentions “fish” in the passage because _____.
| A．many fish dealers also sold ice. |
| B．fish was shipped in refrigerated freight cars. |
| C．fish dealers were among the early commercial users of ice |
| D．fish was not part of the ordinary person’s diet before the invention of the icebox. |
Daniel Boone was born in the United States in 1734. He didn't go to school and couldn't read, although he learned all about the forests, streams and hunting. He could move silently like an Indian leaving no marks. He loved to live alone in the woods where nothing frightened him.
When he grew up, he married and tried to settle down on a farm. A year later, however, he wasn't satisfied and decided to go into the unknown western lands, crossing the Appalachian Mountains. When he returned after two years, he became famous for his long journey. He brought valuable animal skins and told stories about the Indians.
After this, he chose to keep travelling to unknown places. Once he lost to the Indians in battle and was taken away. The Indians liked him and became his friends.
Daniel Boone died at the age of 86. He is remembered as an explorer(探险者)and a pioneer who lived an exciting life in the early years of American nation.Daniel Boone's early life was mainly spent in ______ .
| A．learning about nature |
| B．hunting with his friends |
| C．learning useful skills from the Indians |
| D．studying at home because he couldn't go to school |
When he got married, Daniel Boone first planned to ______.
| A．set up a large farm |
| B．go on a journey with his wife |
| C．find food, new land for his farm |
| D．live a peaceful life with his family |
Daniel Boone became famous because ______ .
| A．he travelled a lot in the western lands |
| B．he was very good at telling stories |
| C．he found better animal skins than others |
| D．he was the first to climb the Appalachian Mountains |
Why did the Indians want to make friends with him?
| A．Because they wanted to learn from him. |
| B．Because he wanted to make peace with them. |
| C．Because they wanted to make friends with white people. |
| D．No reason is told in this article. |
In this article, Daniel Boone is best described as ______ .
| A．warm-hearted | B．strong |
| C．careful | D．brave |
Now and again I have had horrible dreams, but not enough of them to make me lose my delight in dreams. To begin with. I like the idea of dreaming, of going to bed and lying still and then, by some queer magic(神奇的魔力), wandering into another kind of existence. As a child, I could never understand why grown-ups took dreaming so calmly when they could make such a fuss(大惊小怪) about any holiday, This still puzzles me. I am puzzled by people who say they never dream and appear to have no interest in the subject. It is much more astonishing than it would be if they said they never went out for a walk. Most people do not seem to accept dreaming as part of their lives. They appear to see it as an irritating(令人困扰的) little habit, like sneezing or yawning(打哈欠).I can never understand this. My dream life does not seem as important as my waking life because there is far less of it, but to me it is important.What is the author’s attitude toward dreaming?
| A．He likes it | B．He thinks it puzzling |
| C．He hates it | D．He doesn’t accept it as part of his life |
For the author of the passage, dreaming is.
| A．an irritating little habit |
| B．a horrible but wonderful experience |
| C．a true reflection of reality |
| D．another kind of existence |
The author of the passage suggests that people who say they never go out for a walk are.
| A．interesting | B．mysterious(难以理解的) | C．foolish | D．lazy |
The author of the passage enjoys dreaming most .
| A．only when he was a child | B．only when he is a grown-up |
| C．both as a child and as a grown-up | D．only in his old age |
The author of the passage complains(抱怨) that most people .
| A．are overexcited about their dreams |
| B．have had dreams most of the time |
| C．are not interested in talking about their dreams |
| D．consider their dreams of too much importance |