In the 1960s，Douglas McGregor，one of the key thinkers in the art of management，developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y．Theory X is the idea that people instinctively （51） work and will do anything to avoid it．Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work．
In any case，despite so much evidence to the （52） ，many managers still agree to Theory X．They believe，（53） ，that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively，or that decisions must be imposed from （54） without consultation．This，of course，makes for authoritarian （专制的） managers．
Different cultures have different ways of （55） people．Unlike authoritarian management，some cultures，particularly in Asia，are well known for the consultative nature of decision﹣making﹣all members of the department or work group are asked to （56） to this process．This is management by the collective opinion．Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things，which are based on general （57） ．Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional （58） managers cannot．
A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative，to make decisions on their own without（59） managers first．This empowerment （授权） has been part of the trend towards downsizing：（60） the number of management layers in companies．After de﹣layering in this way，a company may be （61） with just a top level of senior managers，front﹣line managers and employees with direct contact with the public．Empowerment takes the idea of delegation （委托） much further than has （62） been the case．Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to （63） that the overall business plan is being followed，and that operations become more profitable under the new organization，rather than less．
Another trend is off﹣site or （64） management，where teams of people linked by e﹣mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses．Project managers evaluate the （65） of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects，rather than the amount of time they spend on them．
51．A．desire |
B．seek |
C．lose |
D．dislike |
52．A．contrary |
B．expectation |
C．degree |
D．extreme |
53．A．vice versa |
B．for example |
C．however |
D．otherwise |
54．A．outside |
B．inside |
C．below |
D．above |
55．A．replacing |
B．assessing |
C．managing |
D．encouraging |
56．A．refer |
B．contribute |
C．object |
D．apply |
57．A．agreement |
B．practice |
C．election |
D．impression |
58．A．bossy |
B．experienced |
C．western |
D．male |
59．A．asking |
B．training |
C．warning |
D．firing |
60．A．doubling |
B．maintaining |
C．reducing |
D．estimating |
61．A．honoured |
B．left |
C．crowded |
D．compared |
62．A．economically |
B．traditionally |
C．inadequately |
D．occasionally |
63．A．deny |
B．admit |
C．assume |
D．ensure |
64．A．virtual |
B．ineffective |
C．day﹣to﹣day |
D．on﹣the﹣scene |
65．A．opinion |
B．risk |
C．performance |
D．attractiveness |
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从31～40各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
Life on Land probably began about 430 millions years ago, though it has existed in the water for perhaps as much as 3,000 million years. When we think of the first thing on land, we probably think of strange 31 coming out of the oceans, but in fact no animals could have been 32 if plants had not been on land first. Plants had to be on land before animals arrived. They 33 the first land animals with the surrounding and food necessity, since then, the plants are the only form of life that is able to get and store 34 .
The first plants to exist out of water were probably 35 kinds of algae ( 海藻) which were 36 by other plants that grow 37 to the ground and needed water in which to reproduce. Once the move to land had been made, however, evolution (进化) took place quickly. By the end of 100 million years, plants had developed their 38 , and some had got tree-like forms since 39 was very important in gaining sunlight. About 30 million years ago, much of the world was covered with forests of huge trees. In most
ways they were like 40 modern trees. They had roots, leaves, wood, but mostly they had not developed seeds.
A．tree B．plants C．seeds D．animals
A．living B．making C．dying D．eating
A．offered B．supplied C．gave D．afforded
A．heat B．sunlight C．energy D．water
A．many B．little C．sure D．certain
A．followed B．made C．copied D．existed
A．close B．far C．strong D．tall
A．branches B．trunks C．roots D．leaves
A．weight B．height C．soil D．water
A．modern B．ancient C．big D．small
第二节：完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从36—55各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
I got up and dressed, with my violin under my jacket, and went out into the streets to try my luck. I wandered about for 36 , looking for a likely spot, 37 as though I were about to commit a crime. Then I stopped 38under a bridge near the station and 39 to have a try.
I felt tense and nervous. One moment I was 40 the hurrying crowds ,41I stood apart, my back to the wall, my hat on the side of the street 42me , the violin under my chin.
The first 43 I played were loud and unskilled, then they 44down and began to run more smoothly. 45 ，I was neither caught nor told to shut up. 46 , nobody took any notice at all. Then an old man without stopping47 threw a penny into my hat, as if getting rid of some guilty evidence.
Other pennies followed, slowly 48steadily , dropped by 49who appeared not to see or hear me. It seemed too easy, like a secret 50.
I51 there for several days , gradually getting the 52of the trade by trial and error(反复试验). It was not a good thing, 53, to let the hat fill up with money; nor was it wise to empty it completely. Placing a couple of pennies in the hat to 54the thing going soon became a 55rule.
36. A. an hour B. a day C. some time D. too long
37. A. running B. crying C. feeling D. sounding
38. A. at first B. at last C. at most D. at once
39. A. wanted B. allowed C. refused D. decided
40. A. part of B. familiar with C. far from D. away from
41. A. the last B. once again C. the next D. as a result
42. A. before B. behind C. next to D. beside
43. A. music B. notes C. piece D. parts
44. A. broke B. fell C. settled D. slowed
45. A. Surprisingly B. Interestingly C. Undoubtedly D. Pitifully
46. A. In a word B. Moreover C. Indeed D. That is
47. A. immediately B. secretly C. bravely D. carefully
48. A. but B. and C. while D. or
49. A. the old B. fans C. the passengers D. shadows
50. A. trick B. business C. story D. joke
51. A. remained B. searched C. left D. worked
52. A. value B. truths C. wealth D. conditions
53. A. however B. therefore C. for example D. after all
54. A. make B. open C. leave D. start
55. A. normal B. regular C. smart D. suitable
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后31-50各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。
While my friends went away to their universities in great delight, I restarted my senior high school life. My spirits 31 at the prospect of starting all over again.
32 by strange classmates, I felt as though I was in a maze（迷宫）and felt 33 for my-self. There were some complex feelings in my mind. I was frightened, nervous and lonely.
To make 34 worse, I recalled my failure again and again, 35 put more pressure on me than I could bear. As a result, I was always feeling 36 during class.
One of my teachers noticed my depression and one day he asked me to come to his office, where he told me about his 37 towards life. He said we might 38 from making mistakes, but it’s important to model ourselves into people we 39 . All the growing 40 and the embarrassing things we 41 are parts of the process. We never stop 42 , so learn from it and keep up your spirits up! If you are optimistic, things you want may 43 to you! 44 feelings rushed through me. I 45 saw the sun shining again when I stepped out of his office.
With the teacher’s help, I finally 46 my depression. From then on, I no longer 47 my head but began smiling at my classmates. I put up my hand 48 in class and tried to answer the teacher’s questions correctly.
I 49 have a thirst to go to my dream university, 50 I’m not afraid of failure because I can benefit from it.
A．sank B．failed C．disappeared D．ran
A．Hit B．Surrounded C．Struck D．Loved
A．unlucky B．angry C．sorry D．afraid
A．scores B．studies C．experiences D．matters
A．which B．what C．that D．who
A．high B．down C．lonely D．happy
A．way B．method C．measure D．attitude
A．learn B．suffer C．hear D．judge
A．reach B．enjoy C．like D．hate
A．aches B．pains C．joys D．injuries
A．feel B．experience C．taste D．get
A．standing up B．growing up C．going up D．rising up
A．refer B．turn C．stick D．happen
A．Warm B．Thoughtful C．Cool D．Regretful
A．suddenly B．generally C．naturally D．sadly
A．got on B．got over C．got off D．got out
A．buried B．shook C．bowed D．nodded
A．freely B．hopefully C．quickly D．confidently
A．even B．ever C．still D．yet
A．otherwise B．or C．but D．instead
完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）
Two days before Thanksgiving, I was trying to open my mouth wide enough for a mirror and a roll of steel wire. Metal braces (牙齿矫正器)had been on my 31 for weeks, but this was the day for the wire to be adjusted. Only those who have had braces will understand the terrible 32 of being “wired”. For the next 24 hours, it felt like every tooth was being 33 slowly by a giant clawhammer (拔钉锤). 34 drinking water caused pain.
By Thanksgiving Day, I had got used to it. 35 I didn’t use my teeth, the pain was bearable. But this was a day when teeth had to 36 longer than usual. We were 37 at my grandparents’ house with relatives. The house was filled with so many pleasant 38 that we could hardly resist the food. When grandma said, “Dinner is ready!” all the kids 39 to be first in line. I was so excited that I 40 the braces in my mouth and 41 my way up to the head of the line.
I piled my plate high with my favorite corn-on-the-cob(玉米棒子)and 42 my mouth to enjoy it. The pain was 43 . I felt I would never be able to eat again. I put my plate away and ran outside in 44 .
Grandma then took my plate to the 45 . She cut all the corn off that cob and rescued me from my 46 . She handed me my plate piled high with corn. “Thanks,” I said 47 . Then I looked up and 48 a strange light in her eye, a light that is still 49 to me after more than fifty years. That was the Thanksgiving when I discovered something more 50 than good food.
A．tongue B．hands C．teeth D．head
A．subject B．situation C．chance D．production
A．pushed B．planted C．opened D．pulled
A．Still B．So C．Even D．Yet
A．play B．work C．hurt D．shake
A．mixed B．called C．gathered D．surrounded
A．experiences B．words C．colours D．smells
A．rushed B．started C．stepped D．walked
A．forced B．created C．led D．gave
A．narrowed B．opened C．cleaned D．shut
A．normal B．violent C．regretful D．common
A．time B．anger C．surprise D．tears
A．kitchen B．bedroom C．clinic D．restaurant
A．fear B．loneliness C．pain D．interest
A．sadly B．kindly C．shyly D．gratefully
A．checked B．passed C．caught D．filled
A．attractive B．mysterious C．natural D．untrue
A．important B．popular C．useful D．expensive
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从36－55各题所给的四个选项（Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ和Ｄ）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
Terry was a middle-aged leather trader whose repeated failure in career made him a depressed man, often __36__ that he had been cheated by others. One day he told his wife he was so __37__ with the city that he had to leave.
So his family moved to another city. It was the evening of a weekend. When Terry and his wife were busily __38__ up their new home, the light suddenly __39__. Terry was regretful to have forgotten to bring along __40__ and had to wait __41__ in a low mood. Just then he heard light, hesitant __42__ on his door that were clearly audible (听到) in the __43__ night.
“Who’s it?” he wondered, since Terry was a __44__ to this city. And this was the moment he especially hated to be __45__, so he went to the door and opened it __46__. At the door was a little girl, shyly asking, “Sir, do you have candles? I’m your neighbor. ” “No,” answered Terry in anger and shut the door __47__. “What a nuisance!” He complained over it with his wife. “No sooner had we settled down than the neighbor came to __48__ things.”
After a while, the door was knocked again. He opened it and found the same girl outside. __49__ this time she was __50__ two candles, saying, “My grandma told me the new neighbor downstairs might need candles. She __51__ me here to give you these.” Terry was very __52__ by what he saw.
At that moment he suddenly realized what caused his __53__ in life. It was his __54__ and harshness (刻薄) with other people. The person who had cheated him in life was __55__ nobody else but himself, for his eyes had been blurred (蒙蔽) by his unsympathetic mind.
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