MostAmericansdon’tliketogetadv-优题课

任务型读写(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)
Self-motivation is a great way for doing things better in life. Exercising not only helps you to stay fit, but also freshens up your body from within. Despite being aware of the benefits of exercise, people fail to put it in their lives, because their motivation is very limited.
An optimistic attitude will not only help you to try continuously, but also make sure you fight all possible difficulties easily. On the other hand, a pessimistic attitude will show you only the bad in what you want to do, stopping your will to try at the very beginning.
To be determined about something takes a lot of courage. It’s very easy to give up and everyone can do it. To continuously keep at it, putting in the same efforts all the time, takes courage. Be determined to lose weight. Tell yourself you have to do it.
If your role model has been in your mind, then you are very likely to follow him or her. So why not follow the path by which they have got an envious figure?
Always feel good about where you work out. This way you will be regular with your workout schedule, gradually noticing the positive effects it has on you. This makes sure that you think your surroundings positively in your mind and that your probability of visiting it increases.
Every time you lose a decided number of pounds, congratulate yourself, relax your muscles or shop for relaxation.
If you have a fast-paced lifestyle, you won’t even realize when time flies by. By exercising regularly, you’re adding more years to your life. A long life is the best motivation, isn’t it?
Apart from all these things, you must set a goal and encourage all your energy towards achieving it. Last but not least, it’s very important that you enjoy what you are doing, whether it’s working out at the gym, or practicing yoga at home.

Title: How to motivate yourself to _______
introduction	People can’t insist on exercising in their lives because they don’t have _______ motivation.
Tips	●When you have an optimistic attitude, you can try continuously and have no difficulty ____ all possible difficulties. ●To lose weight, you should put in the same efforts all the time and _____ at it with courage. ●Choose a person who has got a perfect figure as your _____ and follow their path to exercise. ●Feeling good about where you work out has some _____ effects on you. ●Once you have _____ a certain number of pounds, you’d better congratulate yourself. ●For a long term, exercising regularly ______ that you’re adding more years to your life. ● ____ a goal is helpful for encouraging all your energy towards achieving it.
conclusion	Since exercise has so many ____, you’d better enjoy what you are doing, whether it’s working out at the gym, or practicing yoga at home.

阅读下面材料,在空白处填入一个适当的词，或括号内单词的正确形式（不多于3个单词）。
By “luxury(奢侈品)”, we mean "a pleasant and often expensive thing that is not necessary". From a historical point of view, things which were a luxury when they first came into being all became necessities later.
Anything, no matter luxurious it is, will become a necessity, when it is widely used. This is true of many of the present luxuries, among which mobile phones, cars, computers and many other things(include). It is known to all that the purpose of the development of science is (make) things easy for the mankind, not for onlysmall number of people., the first thing to do after a new invention occurs is to spread it so as to benefit many people as possible. In the course of the spread, the luxury becomes decreasingly luxurious until the end it becomes a necessity. This is an objective law, and can be an exception.
With the quick (develop) of science and technology, the process for many things to become a necessity from a luxury will be greatly shortened. Anything that can be imagined will be invented and in no time becomes a necessity (access) to ordinary people.

Once kids hit the teenage years, parenting becomes more difficult than ever. Establishing（建立）effective house rules is one of the best ways to educate teenagers. House rules must respect teenagers’ desire to be independent and make sure they behave responsibly.
How can effective house rules be established?
First of all, get your teenager to take part in making the rules, which can help keep them motivated to follow them. Ask their opinion about what sorts of things they think are important when creating the rules and try to include some of their ideas.
When creating the list of rules, don’t list every single rule imaginable. Instead, try to limit it to the ten most important rules. I’ve seen some parents come up with several pages of rules which turn out to be more like a rule book rather than a list. Remember, it is important to make the list easy to remember and to be a basic guide.
Then, it is important that you write out the list of rules and hang them in a prominent (显眼的) location. Keeping the rules on the refrigerator or displayed somewhere where everyone can see them is a good reminder. Revise the rules whenever there’s a need, not very frequently though.
Explain clearly in advance what negative result will be in store when a rule gets broken. But ensure that none of your results are equal to abusive parenting. For example, take off the rule that says — “if you don’t get home by 11 at night, make arrangements to stay elsewhere until morning”. Let helping with small household chores like cleaning up their own rooms serve as a result of breaking rules.
Follow these tips on establishing effective house rules accompanied by constant positive reinforcement (执行),and you will see the improvement in your teenager’s behavior. Hope you can direct your teenager to become a responsible and independent person with the help of house rules!

Title	Establishing house rules for ___________
Requirements for house rules	They must respect teenagers’ desire to be independent and make sure that teenagers have responsible___________.

__________ on establishing effective house rules	Trying to make the rules together ____________ teenagers.	Ask their opinions Include their ideas
Keeping the house rules simple	Avoid___________ every single rule imaginable. Limit the list to the most important rules.
Writing out the list of rules and hanging them somewhere visible	____________ your teenager of the rules Make the rules revised ____________ necessary.
___________ clearly the results	Don’t abuse children if they ___________ rules
Conclusion	Your teenager’s behavior will___________ with the help of effective house rules.

阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容或括号内单词的正确形式。
At last firefighters have put out a big forest fire in California．Since then，they (set) about finding out the fire began．Forest fires are often caused by (break)glass or by cigarette ends which people carelessly throw away．Yesterday the (fireman)examined the ground but were not able to find any．They were also quite sure that a cigarette end didn’t start the fire．However，several hours passed a fireman accidentally discovered the cause．He noticed the remains of a snake which was wound(蜿蜒；缠绕)around the electric wires of a 16，000-volt power line．In this way，he was able to solvemystery．The (explain) was simple but very (usual)．A bird had snatched up the snake from the ground and then (drop)it on to the wires．The snake then wound round the wires．When it did so，it sent sparks down to the ground and these immediately started a fire．

The term bystander effect refers to the phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present, the less likely people are to help a person in distress. When an emergency situation occurs, observers are more likely to take action if there are few or no other witnesses. Being part of a large crowd makes it so no single person has to take responsibility for an action (or inaction).
The most frequently cited example of the bystander effect in introductory psychology textbooks is the brutal murder of a young woman named Catherine "Kitty" Genovese. On Friday, March 13, 1964, 28-year-old Genovese was returning home from work. As she approached her apartment entrance, she was attacked and stabbed by a man later identified as Winston Moseley.
Despite Genovese’s repeated calls for help, none of the dozen or so people in the nearby apartment building who heard her cries called police to report the incident. The attack first began at 3:20 AM, but it was not until 3:50 AM that someone first contacted police.
While Genovese's case has been subject to numerous misrepresentations and inaccuracies, there have been numerous other cases reported in recent years. The bystander effect can clearly have a powerful impact on the general conduct of people in a society, but why exactly does it happen? Why don't we help when we are part of a crowd?
There are several factors that contribute to the bystander effect. First, the presence of other people creates a diffusion of responsibility. Because there are other observers, individuals do not feel as much pressure to take action, since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared among all of those present.
The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways. When other observers fail to react, individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not appropriate. Other researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to intervene if the situation is ambiguous. In the case of Kitty Genovese, many of the 38 witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a "lover's quarrel," and did not realize that the young woman was actually being murdered.
Characteristics of the situation can play a role. During a crisis, things are often chaotic and the situation is not always crystal clear. Onlookers might wonder exactly what is happening. During such chaotic moments, people often look to others in the group to determine what is appropriate. When people look at the crowd and see that no one else is reacting, it sends a signal that perhaps no action is needed.
So what can you do to avoid falling into this trap of inaction? Some psychologists suggest that simply being aware of this tendency is perhaps the greatest way to break the cycle. When faced with a situation that requires action, understanding how the bystander effect might be holding you back and consciously taking steps to overcome it can help. However, this does not mean you should place yourself in danger.
But what if you are the person in need of assistance? How can you inspire people to lend a hand? One often-recommended tactic is to single out one person from the crowd. Make eye contact and ask that individual specifically for help. By personalizing and individualizing your request, it becomes much harder for people to turn you down.

The Bystander Effect
Passage outline	Supporting details
Concept of the bystander effect	The bystander effect occurs when the presence of others keeps an individual from becoming______ in an emergency situation. It is obvious that the bystander effect can greatly influence______behavior.
Typical example	In 1964, a young woman named Genovese met with violence and her life was _________ outside her apartment, while bystanders who observed the crime did not step in to assist or call the police.
_________ for the bystander effect	Individuals are less likely to take action or feel a sense of _________ in front of a large group of people. Before deciding to offer help, observers may want to make_________ that it is appropriate to react. Besides, there is a natural __________ for people to follow the crowd before the situation is clear.
________ of the bystander effect	You should realize or know the _________of the bystander effect and take measures to get rid of it. When in need of help, you should_________ one from the crowd, which Will increase your chance of getting your request across and being helped.