第二节语法填空（共10小题，每小题1.5分，满分15分）阅读-优题课

请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填1个单词。
Guiding students through open-ended discussions can help students develop their understanding of the nature of science.
One useful practice in classroom discussions involves developing a discussion map. A discussion map is a graphic timeline created by the teacher on which a discussion is recorded --- who initially states the idea and who adds to or refuses the idea.
Discussion maps let teachers gain a deep understanding of students’ level of participation, the origins of ideas, and the claims that seem meaningful, useful, and/or reasonable to students. They also give the teacher an idea of students’ science thoughts of phenomena and ideas.
To make a discussion map, the teacher needs to do a couple of things. First, the teacher needs to keep informed of the ideas that are shared and who shared the idea. The teacher does this as the children talk, making quick notes of the ideas and thoughts. It can be helpful to record the discussion, but it isn’t required. Then, after the discussion is over, the teacher reflectively creates the discussion map to clarify the understanding of the ideas and connections that students were making in their talk.
Educators have identified discussions as consistent with reform recommendations in that they help children learn about the nature science and are useful in combining literacy and science. It is suggested that discussions can be useful for teachers in evaluating students’ ideas and building excitement as science. Discussions offer windows on students’ thinking, provide students who struggle in reading and writing with a chance to participate more actively in class, and create situations where students can express their ideas differently than in traditional schools tasks.
However, I suggest that there are additional reasons for having reasoned discussions in classrooms. First, discussions like this allow students to use their own vocabulary --- the words and terms that make sense to them and their classmates --- to drive the intellectual and academic work of understand phenomena. Many times learning science can become focused on learning terms but not necessarily understanding and explaining phenomena. Second, discussions allow students to think about their experiences and the things that they know and try to reconcile these with science ideas. This is challenging, but working together with classmates can help. Finally, reasoned discussions are fundamentally scientific because they offer an open forum that allows all students to be heard, and students’ ideas can be evaluated and connected to their experiences with scientific explanations of those phenomena. For example, during the children’s reasoned discussion about plants, the group came to the agreement that seeds grow into plants. The students understood that most seeds get buried in the ground, the seeds get wet, and then plants grow. This led to a question about whether the seed was still in the ground when the plant had grown into an adult plant. The students came up with several ideas about where the seeds were. During this conversation, the teacher took careful notes so that later investigations could respond to the questions that children were asking. Thus the students were working together using their ideas and understandings and realized something as a group that they didn’t understand as individuals.

Discussion maps make sense!
Passage outline	Supporting details
The _____ of a discussion map	A discussion map is a graphic timeline the teacher creates to record a discussion by initially ______ the idea and adding to or refusing the idea.
The advantages of discussion maps	With discussion maps, teachers can get a deep understanding not only of how students ______, who put forward the ideas, and the claims that seem meaningful, useful, and/or reasonable to the students, but also of what the students think of phenomena and ideas in scientific ways.
The procedure of making a discussion map	The teacher ______ quick notes of the children’s ideas and thoughts as they talk. Afterwards, he or she reflectively______ the map to clarify the understanding of the ideas and connections made by students in their talk.
Educators’ _____ for having reasoned discussions	Discussions are consistent with reform recommendations because they help children learn about the nature of science and ______ literacy and science. Discussions can be useful for teachers in evaluating students’ ideas and building excitement at science. Discussions offer windows on students’ thinking, enable slow students to take a more _____ part in class, and allow students to express their ideas differently than in traditional school tasks.
The author’s reasons for having reasoned discussions	Reasoned discussions allow students to use their own _____ to drive the intellectual and academic work of understanding phenomena and reconcile their_____ and knowledge with science ideas. They are also fundamentally scientific.

请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。
注意：请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。每个空格只填一个单词。
What are the children in post-90s era like?
By carefully studying and analyzing the interactive relations between the growth of youth and the change of social environment in China, Professor Yang Xiong, a research fellow from Institute of Children's Studies, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences summarized several similarities shared by the children in post 90s era.
I. They have an avant-garde(前卫的) concept of consumption and strong desires and lay excessive(过度的) emphasis on the importance and the amount of money and the way how to get money. A survey on under-10 children in Shanghai and Paris over their ideal career in the future showed that children in Francepreferred the profession of sportsman, rock & roll singer and sailing boat athlete; whereas children in China wanted to be boss, entrepreneur and leader, and desired vehicle and villa. They have been influenced by their parents, schools and the society they lived in to some extent.
II. They are in great need of a sense of loyalty to teams. Some social phenomena have weakened their interests toward loyalty, and they advocate individualism. Actually, some parents would subconsciously encourage their children to do something selfish rather than contribute to the team.
III. They are closer to the new media than their parents are and they are prone to(易于) fall the victims during the process of globalization. They have broader visions and possess pluralistic(多元的) ways in accepting information. Meanwhile, they are better developed in terms of psychology and intelligence, with wide range of knowledge and a precocious(早熟的) inner world. But it seems that such qualities more likely to make them feel hollow.
IV. Some social realities have made them understand that they should pay more attention to concrete things rather than abstract philosophy. And some of them concern more about their comfortable lives and the way of making living.
Prof. Yang held that the weakness of the children in post 90s era required early attention. Adults, parents should set an example for the children and take the responsibility. Along with the social development, children of post 90s era will become a generation of all-round development.

Failure in a relationship, business, career and exam or sudden loss of a close one can make us lose patience and calmness. However, the only person who can help you keep calm is you! You have to find the cause of your problem and then work on it. Here are some tips on how to be calm.
Steal some solitary(独自的)moments from your life! Go to a calm and cool place, maybe your local park, a less-visited restaurant or any place that can give you some peaceful moments with yourself. Simply sitting on cool green grass under the limitless sky cam make you feel relaxed. If you can’t find any place, it’s also a good idea to dim (使暗淡)your sitting room light and sit relaxed on your sofa.
Talk to the “inner you ”! Open your mind, effortlessly, without a calculating and judging mind! Don’t let yourself be troubled by any belief and thought,. It’s not so simple. But if you just do so, you’ll slowly develop an inner peace. Or course, this doesn’t mean that you’ll stop the daily work linked to thinking! Carry your life as you’ve been, but just sometimes, sit and order your mind to relax.
Lean to manage anger! Avoid the things that cause so much stress that they lead to uncontrollable anger. Self-talk can teach a person how to change that inner voice from an aggressive(好斗的) voice to a problem-solving voice. Walking away from a situation until you have better control over your anger will help you avoid creating situations that may grow into dangerous situations.
In short, there are many ways to be calm in any situation. Keeping calm is one of the most important things you can do for yourself. Not only will it be good for your health, it can also help you have a better relationship with other people.
Title: How to become calm

of loss of calmness	●Failure in a relationship, business,career and exam ●Losing
For becoming calm	Steal solitary moments from your life. ●Go to a calm and cool place to ●Dim your sitting room light and sit relaxed on your sofa.
Talk to the “” ●Open your mind without anything. ●Avoid being troubled by any belief and thought.
Learn to ●stay away from stressful things to avoid uncontrollable anger. ●Change the inner voice from an aggressive voice to aone. ●Walk away to avoid creating dangerous situations.
of being calm	●Being good for health ●your relationship with other people

认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。
注意：每个空格只填1个单词。请将答案写在答题卡相应题号的横线上。
Have you ever intended to be fully absorbed in your work but found yourself distracted by e-mail, the Internet and other things throughout the day?
"People often lose their concentration when they are bored, of course, but also when they are engaged in challenging tasks," says Peter Bregman. "They sometimes have a feeling to escape from what's difficult or boring, so they jump out," he says. The part of the brain devoted to attention is connected to the brain's emotional center. Any strong emotion—quarrels with colleagues, problems at home—can interrupt our attention. Studies over the last decade have shown that too much work to do at a time can easily lead to distraction.
Refocusing is hard for many people. Robert Epstein suggests the following, "Stop and listen to music for a few minutes. Go for a short walk or take a deep breath, where you breathe in deeply, count to five slowly, hold it and breathe out very slowly." This can "blow out all the tension and the unwanted in your mind to restore your focus."
Take more control by structuring your time and becoming more aware of your behaviors. "Setting the phone alarm to go off every hour is my way of creating awareness," Mr. Bregman says," You have to inform yourself that you've lost focus in order to do something about it." Starting the day with a to-do list is important, such as when to eat, when to go to the gym or take a walk. But if it's overly ambitious, you will put yourself in a state of anxiety, which makes it hard for the brain to concentrate. "Choosing three or four things as your priority for the day allows your brain to settle down and focus," he says.

Topic	How to become more ________ on the work?
_______ of getting distracted	People tend to get away from things that they're_____ up with. Strong _________ affect the brain' s part for attention. People get distracted easily if__________ multitasks at a time.
______ of strong emotions	having a ___________ with a colleague. meeting with problems at home
Tips on holding attention	Stop working to restore your focus by _______ your breath and try different relaxing things. _________ your time effectively and create awareness of your behaviors. Make a to-do list at the beginning of a working day. Focus on 3 or 4 things and get them done _______ for the day.

Society is a web of relationships, requiring all parties(群体) to work together to create something good. What makes society work best are effective(有效的) relationships that are based on mutual(相互的) understanding. If you understand what people want and why they want it, you can usually find a way to make progress together.
High-quality relationships make people happy. Some people living in the poorest communities have almost nothing but turn out to be the happiest because they share a life, together. If effective relationships are working, happiness is always possible.
Here are some simple tips for building effective relationships.
Listen to and try to understand others' positions and feelings. Listening in itself can lead to understanding, and if you understand someone else fully, then you know how to work better with him or her.
Openly express your needs and feeling. Sometimes we expect people particularly those close to us at home or work to understand what we want and to give us what we need intuitively (凭直觉地). However, people are so complicated and so different that even when they have lived together for 60 years, they can still surprise each other. So we need to say what we need and to express how we feel.
In order to make our relationships more effective, we should treat ourselves and other people with respect. Respect is one of the most important elements of any good relationship.
Finally, learn to face differences correctly. Learning this takes time and can be uncomfortable. However, if we can try to remove differences in an effective way, we are more likely to build exciting and satisfying relationships with others.
By doing these things you may discover that the happiness you long for is much closer than you thought.
Title:

.
Make society ________ Help people find a way to _________ Make people happy because of their _______	Understand other’s positions and feelings by_________ Try to express your needs and feelings _______________ Treat yourself and others __________ Learn to face the _________in a correct way