Pupils are ordered not to wade into ankle-deep water unless teachers first carry out a full risk assessment and put “proper measures in place”.
Staff are expected to check rivers, ponds and the sea for currents and rocks before allowing children to dip their feet.
Guidance issued to schools warns that any “impromptu (事先无准备的) water-based activities” could pose dangers to children.
The recommendations were outlined in a document-available to all 21,000 schools in England — to help teachers organize more school trips. Advice from the DepartmentforChildren, Schools and Families is intended to cut red tape (官样文章) and give staff practical tips.
But the guidance caused argument after teachers were presented with a series of orders surrounding swimming and the use of minibuses.
It said: “Swimming and padding or otherwise entering the waters of river, canal, sea or lake should never be allowed as an impromptu activity. The pleas of young people to bathe — because it is hot weather, for example, should be resisted where bathing has not been prepared for.”
“In-water activities should take place only when a proper risk assessment has been completed and proper measures put in place to control the risks.”
Teachers are urged to check the weather, currents, weeds, rip tides, river or sea beds and breakwaters before allowing children into the water. No child should be able to swim deeper than waist height, the guidance added.
Margaret Morrissey, from campaign group Parents Outloud, said: “Wading out into the ocean is one thing but there’s nothing wrong with padding where the waves break.”
“Part of children’s learning is to walk along the water’s edge and get your feet wet. There are dangerous currents further out and you stay at the edge.”
She added: “I want to see schools and youth groups taking advantage of opportunities that learning outside the classroom can provide.”
But the Department for Children, Schools and Families said teachers had to plan activities carefully.
“We are not banning padding,” said a spokeswoman. “We have seen cases in the past where things have not been planned and assessed for the risk. Unplanned activities around water can be dangerous.”Guidance issued to schools in England gives the information that _________.
A.school trips to oceans are forbidden in the country |
B.school swimming pools should be surrounded with fence |
C.school staff must plan water-based activities carefully |
D.school children shouldn’t have a walk along river banks |
Advice from the Department for Children, Schools and Families shows us that _________.
A.they are strongly against the guidance |
B.they are fond of the outline of the guidance |
C.they don’t understand the aim of the guidance |
D.they want the guidance to become more useful |
To the guidance, Margaret Morrissey holds the opinion that _________.
A.oceans are dangerous place for children to visit |
B.young people should be encouraged to learn outside |
C.children should learn padding in rough ocean alone |
D.schools should stop students from walking along beaches |
Which of the following can be the best title for this passage?
A.No padding on school trips, children told. |
B.No walking along the rivers, teachers told. |
C.No swimming after school, parents told. |
D.No learning out of school, students told. |
ㅤIf you want to tell the history of the whole world,a history that does not privilege one part or humanity,you cannot do it through texts alone,because only some of the world has ever had texts,while most of the world,for most of the time,has not.Writing is one of humanity's later achievements,and until fairly recently even many literate(有文字的)societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
ㅤIdeally a history would bring together texts and objects,and some chapters of this book are able to do just that,but in many cases we simply can't.The clearest example of this between literate and non﹣literate history is perhaps the first conflict ,at Botany Bay,between Captain Cook's voyage and the Australian Aboriginals.From the English side,we have scientific reports and the captain's record of that terrible day.From the Australian side,we have only a wooden shield(盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot.If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day,the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
ㅤIn addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides,there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted,especially when only the victors know how to write.Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories.The Caribbean Taino,the Australian Aboriginals,the African people of Benin and the Incas,all of whom appear in this book,can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made:a history told through things gives them back a voice.When we consider contact(联系)between literate and non﹣literate societies such as these,all our first﹣hand accounts are necessarily twisted,only one half of a dialogue.If we are to find the other half of that conversation,we have to read not just the texts,but the objects.
(1)What is the first paragraph mainly about? _____
A. |
How past events should be presented. |
B. |
What humanity is concerned about. |
C. |
Whether facts speak louder than words. |
D. |
Why written language is reliable. |
(2)What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2? _____
A. |
His report was scientific. |
B. |
He presented the local people. |
C. |
He ruled over Botany Bay. |
D. |
His record was one﹣sided. |
(3)What does the underlined word"conversation"in paragraph 3 refer to? _____
A. |
Problem. |
B. |
History. |
C. |
Voice. |
D. |
Society. |
(4)Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from? _____
A. |
How Maps Tell Stories of the World |
B. |
A Short History of Australia |
C. |
A History of the World in 100 objects |
D. |
How Art Works Tell Stories |
ㅤWhat comes into your mind when you think of British food?Probably fish and chips,or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables.But is British food really so uninteresting?Even though Britain has a reputation for less﹣than﹣impressive cuisine,it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.
ㅤIt's thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat﹣and﹣two﹣veg and ready﹣made meats and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits.It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain's consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way.There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges.It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking.
ㅤAccording to a new study from market analysis,1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food.Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients(配料)than they used to,and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before.One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills,and young people are also getting more interested in cooking.The UK's obsession(痴迷)with food is reflected through television scheduling.Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before.With an increasing number of male chefs on TV,it's no longer "uncool"for boys to like cooking.
(1)What do people usually think of British food? _____
A. |
It is simple and plain. |
B. |
It is rich in nutrition. |
C. |
It lacks authentic tastes. |
D. |
It deserves a high reputation. |
(2)Which best describes cookery programmes on British TV? _____
A. |
Authoritative. |
B. |
Creative. |
C. |
Profitable. |
D. |
Influential. |
(3)Which is the percentage of the people using more diverse ingredients now? _____
A. |
. |
B. |
. |
C. |
. |
D. |
. |
(4)What might the author continue talking about? _____
A. |
The art of cooking in other countries. |
B. |
Male chefs on TV programmes. |
C. |
Table manners in the . |
D. |
Studies of big eaters. |
ㅤLiving in Iowa and trying to become a photographer specializing in landscape(风景) can be quite a challenge ,mainly because the corn state lacks geographical variation.
ㅤAlthough landscapes in the Midwest tend to be quite similar,either farm fields or highway,sometimes I find distinctive character in the hills or lakes.To make some of my landscape shots,I have traveled up to four hours away to shoot within a 10﹣minute time frame.I tend to travel with a few of my friends to state parks or to the countryside to go on adventures and take photos along the way.
ㅤBeing at the right place at the right time is decisive in any style of photography.I often leave early to seek the right destinations so I can set up early to avoid missing the moment I am attempting to photograph. I have missed plenty of beautiful sunsets/sunrises due to being on the spot only five minutes before the best moment.
ㅤOne time my friends and I drove three hours to Devil's Lake,Wisconsin,to climb the purple quartz(石英)rock around the lake.After we found a crazy﹣looking road that hung over a bunch of rocks,we decided to photograph the scene at sunset.The position enabled us to look over the lake with the sunset in the background.We managed to leave this spot to climb higher because of the spare time until sunset.However,we did not mark the route(路线)so we ended up almost missing the sunset entirely.Once we found the place,it was stressful getting lights and cameras set up in the limited time.Still,looking back on the photos,they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely.
(1)How does the author deal with the challenge as a landscape photographer in the Midwest?_____
A. |
By teaming up with other photographers. |
B. |
By shooting in the countryside or state parks. |
C. |
By studying the geographical conditions. |
D. |
By creating settings in the corn fields. |
(2)What is the key to successful landscape photography according to the author? _____
A. |
Proper time management. |
B. |
Good shooting techniques. |
C. |
Adventurous spirit. |
D. |
Distinctive styles. |
(3)What can we infer from the author's trip with friends to Devil's Lake? _____
A. |
They went crazy with the purple quartz rock. |
B. |
They felt stressed while waiting for the sunset. |
C. |
They reached the shooting spot later than expected. |
D. |
They had problems with their equipment. |
(4)How does the author find his photos taken at Devil's Lake? _____
A. |
Amusing. |
B. |
Satisfying. |
C. |
Encouraging. |
D. |
Comforting. |
PRACTITIONERS
ㅤJacqueline Felice de Almania (c.1322)highlights the suspicion that women practicing medicine faced.Born to a Jewish family in Florence,she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery.In 1322 she was tried for practicing unlawfully.In spite of the court hearing testimonials(证明) of her ability as a doctor,she was banned from medicine.
ㅤTan Yunxian (1461–1554)was a Chinese physician who learned her skills from her grandparents.Chinese women at the time could not serve aprenticeships(学徒期) with doctors.However,Tan passed the official exam.Tan treated women from all walks of life.In 1511,Tan wrote a book,Sayings of a Female Doctor,describing her life as a physician.
ㅤJames Barry(c.1789–1865)was born Margaret Bulkley in Ireland but,dressed as a man,she was accepted by Edinburgh University to study medicine.She qualified as a surgeon in 1813,then joined the British Army,serving overseas.Barry retired in 1859,having practiced her entire medial profession living and working as a man.
ㅤRebecca Lee Crumpler(1831–1895)worked as a nurse for eight years before studying in medical college in Boston in 1860.Four years later,she was the first African American woman to receive a medical degree.She moved to Virginia in 1865,where she provided medical care to freed slaves.
(1)What did Jacqueline and James have in common? _____
A. |
Doing teaching jobs. |
B. |
Being hired as physicians. |
C. |
Performing surgery. |
D. |
Being banned from medicine. |
(2)How was Tan Yunxian different from the other practitioners? _____
A. |
She wrote a book. |
B. |
She went through trials. |
C. |
She worked as a dentist. |
D. |
She had formal education. |
(3)Who was the first African American with a medical degree? _____
A. |
Jacqueline Felice de Almania. |
B. |
Tan Yunxian. |
C. |
James Barry. |
D. |
Rebecca Lee Crumpler. |
ㅤGrizzly bears,which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg,occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche﹣we revere(敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams.Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see,and their answer is often the same:a grizzly bear.
ㅤ"Grizzly bears are re﹣occupying large areas of their former range," says bear biologist Chris Servheen.As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven't been seen in a century or more,they're interestingly being sighted by humans.
ㅤThe western half of the U.S.was full of grizzlies when Europeans came,with a rough number of 50,000 or more living alongside Native Americans.By the early 1970s,after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by settlers,600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies.In 1975,grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.
ㅤToday,there are about 2 ,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S.Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies,which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted.Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups.For now,grizzlies remain listed.
ㅤObviously,if precautions( 预防) aren't taken,grizzlies can become troublesome ,sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food.If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites,grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble.Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away."Our hope is to have a clean,attractant﹣free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits," says James Jonkel,longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula.
(1)How do Americans look at grizzlies?
A. |
They cause mixed feelings in people. |
B. |
They should be kept in national parks. |
C. |
They are of high scientific value. |
D. |
They are a symbol of American culture. |
(2)What has helped the increase of the grizzly population?
A. |
The European settlers' behavior. |
B. |
The expansion of bears' range. |
C. |
The protection by law since 1975. |
D. |
The support of Native Americans. |
(3)What has stopped the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service from de﹣listing grizzlies?
A. |
The opposition of conservation groups. |
B. |
The successful comeback of grizzlies. |
C. |
The voice of the biologists. |
D. |
The local farmers' advocates. |
(4)What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. |
Food should be provided for grizzlies. |
B. |
People can live in harmony with grizzlies. |
C. |
A special path should be built for grizzlies. |
D. |
Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies. |