.语法填空（本题共20分，每小题2分）阅读下面短文，按照句子-优题课

Communication Principles（2009．江苏)
How you see yourself can make a great difference in how you communicate．“Every individual exists in a continually changing world of experience of which he（or she）is the center”．Many communication scholars and social scientists believe that people are products of how others treat them and of the messages others send them．But every day we experience the centrality of our selves in communication．A student．for instance，may describe a conflict with a teacher as unfair treatment：“I know my teacher doesn’t like the fact that I don’t agree with his opinions．and that’s why he gave me such a poor grade in that class．”The teacher might say the opposite．Each person may believe that he is correct and that the other person’s view is wrong．
The concept of serf originates in communication．Through verbal and nonverbal symbols, a child learns to accept roles in response to the expectations of others．You establish self-image。The sort of person you believe you are，by how others think of you．Positive，negative，and neutral messages that you receive from others all play a role in determining who you are．Communication itself is probably best understood as a dialogue process．Our understanding of communication comes from our interactions with other people．In a more obvious way．communication involves others in the sense that a competent communicator considers what the other person needs and expects when selecting messages to share．So，the communication begins with the self，as defined largely by others，and involves others，as defined largely by the self．
Communication Occurs almost every minute of your life．If you are not communicating with yourself（thinking，planning，reacting to the world around you），you are observing others and drawing inferences from their behavior．Even if the other person did not intend a message for you．you gather observations and draw specific conclusions．A person yawns and you believe that person is bored with your message．A second person looks away from you and you conclude that person is not listening to you．A third person smiles（perhaps because of a memory of a joke he heard recently） and you believe that he is attracted to you．We are continually picking up meanings from others’ behaviors and we are constantly providing behaviors that have communicative value for them．
More often than not，you may have hurt someone accidentally and you may have tried to explain that you did not mean that. You may have told the other person that you were sorry for your statement．You may have made a joke out of your rude statement．Nonetheless，your comment remains both in the mind of the other person and in your own mind．You cannot go back in time and erase your messages to others．Communication cannot be reversed（倒退），nor can it be repeated．When you tried to re—create the atmosphere，the conversation，and the setting，nothing seemed right．Your second experience with a similar setting and person made far different results．

Paragraph outline	Supporting Details
Communication begins with the self	●People are somewhat products of others’ treatment and messages． ●we are alwaysin communication with others．
Communication others	●Experiences of others help children learn to accept roles． ●Messages from others help youwho you are． ●Needs andof others should be considered．
Communication everywhere	●We are communicating with ourselves by thinking，planning and reacting to the outside world． ●We are alwaysother people by observing even if they do not intend any message for you． ●We are constantly collecting meanings from others’ ． ●We are constantlymeanings by what we do．
Communication cannot be reversed nor repeated	●You may explain what you have done，but you cannotwhat remains in the other person’s mind． ●Yon may redo the conversation，but youachieve the same results．

阅读下面短文，根据所读内容在表格中的空白处填入恰当的单词。
注意：每个空格只填一个单词。
When difficult people express themselves orally, they generally want at least two things: they’ve been heard and they’ve been understand. As a good communicator should be a good listener, five steps are advocated toward good listening.
The first step is cooperating（合作）. How does a difficult person know that you’re listening and understanding? In fact, it’s through the way you look an d should while he is talking. You may help him to fully express his thoughts and feelings. You do this by nodding your head in agreement, making certain sounds of understanding.
When the person begins to repeat what’s been said, it’s signal of step two: turning back. It means that you repeat back some words he is using, sending a clear signal that you’re listening carefully and that you think what he is saying is important.
Having heard what he has to say, the next step is clarifying. At this point, you start to gather information about what is being communicated. Ask some open-ended questions, which will allow you to figure out what intention he is hoping to satisfy.
The fourth step is to summarize（概括）what you’ve heard. This allows you to make sure that both you and the difficult person are on the same page. When you do this, two things happen. First, if you’ve shown that you’re making an effort to understand completely. This increases the possibility of gaining cooperation from him.
Having listened carefully, you’ve now arrived at the point of confirming with the person that he feels that his thoughts have been fully voiced. Ask if he feels understood.
When enough sincere listening, questioning, and remembering are brought together, understanding is usually achieved and a difficult person becomes less difficult and more cooperative.

Topic	to understand
Reason	Difficult people hope they have been heard and when they express themselves.
on listening	◆in agreement and make some sounds of understanding while a difficult person is speaking. ◆Repeat somethat you have heard. ◆Collect information about the person’s expressions and find his. ◆Give aof what the person has said. ◆Confirm that the person gainsfrom speaking his thoughts.
Result	A difficult person will beto cooperate with if understanding is achieved.
Comment	You may unlock the doors to difficult people’safter you listen and understand

When difficult people express themselves orally, they generally want at least two things: they’ve been heard and they’ve been understood. As a good communicator should be a good listener, five steps are advocated toward good listening.
The first step is cooperating( 合作 ).How does a difficult person know that you’re listening and understanding? In fact, it’s through the way you look and sound while he is talking. You may help him to fully express his thoughts and feelings. You do this by nodding your head in agreement, making certain sounds of understanding.
When the person begins to repeat what’s been said, it’s a signal of step two: turning back. It means that you repeat some words he is using, sending a clear signal that you’re listening carefully and that you think what he is saying is important.
Having heard what he has to say, the next step is clarifying. At this point, you start to gather information about what is being communicated. Ask same open-ended questions, which will allow you to figure out what intention he is hoping to satisfy.
The fourth step is to summarize(概括)what you’ve heard. This allows you to make sure that both you and the difficult person the same page. When you do this, two things happen. First, if you’ve misses something, he can fill in the details(细节).Second you’ ve shown that you’ re making an effort to understand completely. This increases possibility of gaining cooperation from him.
Having listened carefully, you’ve now arrived at the point of confirming with the person that he feels satisfied that this thoughts have been fully voiced. Ask if he feels understood.
Then enough sincere listening, questioning, and remembering are brought together, understanding is usually achieved and a difficult person becomes less difficult and more cooperative.
根据短文内容完成下列表格。

Topic	to understand
Reason	Difficult people hope they have been heard and when they express themselves.
on listening	◆in agreement and make some sounds of understanding while a difficult person is speaking. ◆Repeat somethat you have heard. ◆Collect information about the person ’ s expressions and find his. ◆Give a of what the person has said. ◆Confirm that the person gainsfrom speaking his thoughts.
Result	A difficult person will beto cooperate with if understanding is achieved.
Comment	You may unlock the doors to difficult people’ safter you listen and understand.

Teamwork is just as important in science as it is on the playing field or in the gym. Scientific investigations(调查) are almost always carried out by teams of people working together. Ideas are shared, experiments are designed, data are analyzed, and results are evaluated and shared with other investigators. Group work is necessary, and is usually more productive than working alone.
Several times throughout the year you may be asked to work with one or more of your classmates. Whatever the task your group is assigned, a few rules need to be followed to ensure a productive and successful experience.
What comes first is to keep an open mind, because everyone’s ideas deserve consideration and each group member can make his or her own contribution. Secondly, it makes a job easier to divide the group task among all group members. Choose a role on the team that is best suited to your particular strengths. Thirdly, always work together, take turns, and encourage each other by listening, clarifying, and trusting one another. Mutual support and trust often make a great difference.
Activities like investigations are most effective when done by small groups. Here are some more suggestions for effective team performance during these activities: Make sure each group member understands and agrees to the task given to him or her, and everyone knows exactly when, why and what to do take turns doing various tasks during similar and repeated activities; be aware of where other group members are and what they are doing so as to ensure safety; be responsible for your own learning, though it is by no means unwise to compare your observations with those of other group members.
When there is research to be done, divide the topic into several areas, and this can explore the issue in a very detailed way. You are encouraged to keep records of the sources used by each person, which helps you trace back to the origin of the problems that may happen unexpectedly. A format for exchanging information (e.g., photocopies of notes, oral discussion, etc.) is also important, for a well-chosen method not only strengthens what you present but also makes yourself easily understood. When the time comes to make a decision and take a position on an issue, allow for the contributions of each member of the group. Most important of all, it is always wise to make decisions by compromise and agreement.
After you’ve completed a task with your team, make an evaluation of the team’s effectiveness---the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and challenges.
根据短文内容完成下列表格，一空一词。

Title	Working Together
Theme	Effective performance needs highly cooperated .
General rules	·Keep an open mind to everyone’s . ·Divide the group task among group members. ·and trust each other.
	·Understand and agree to the task of one’s own. ·Take turns doing various tasks. ·Show concern for others to ensure safety. ·Take for one’s own learning. ·Compare your own observations with those of others.
Explore an issue	·Break the into several areas. ·Keep records of the sources just in . ·your information with others via proper format. ·Make all decisions by compromise and agreement.
effectiveness	·Analyze the strengths and weaknesses. ·Find out the opportunities and challenges.

More and more scientific experiments prove that physical exercise can reduce the dangers of some illnesses in middle-aged persons．Exercise strengthens the heart muscle，reduces blood pressure and help to prevent muscles from changing into fat．Physical exercise is just as important for children．
Exercise and food affect growing speed in young lab animals．Baby mice start running as soon as they are big enough to use an exercise wheel in their cage．If they get extra food and run a lot，they will grow as much as 1.5 times bigger than normal．
The same differences in growing speed might be found between active and inactive children．Physical exercise helps active children grow faster than inactive children．One experiment shows that the brains of the mice that had enough exercise weighed about 3％more than those of the mice that did not exercise The mice that exercised are much quicker to learn doing new exercise than the mice that did not exercise．
The results of the experiments suppose the theory that exercise can help babies learn to talk and walk sooner than expected．
The good effects of physical exercise are not limited to children and middle-aged people．Exercise continues to be an important part of our lives after we grow old．For example，people over 50 years old begin to lose calcium(钙) from their bones，which get weaker and can break easily．Physical exercise，however，helps to strengthen the bones and to prevent them from losing calcium．Of course，old people can take medicines to prevent themselves from suffering from losing calcium．But the medicines they take increase the chance of developing some kind of cancer(癌)．So physical exercise is a much safer treatment(治疗)．
根据短文内容完成下列表格，一空一词。

Title	Physical exercise
Theme	Physical exercise does to people’s health ,both young and old.
of experiments	·Baby mice will be as much as 1.5 times bigger than normal on that they eat extra food and run a lot. ·The brains of the mice that had enough exercise were than those of the mice that didn’t exercise.
	Children	·Helping active children grow faster than inactive children. ·BeingFor babies to learn to talk and walk sooner.
The middle-aged	·the heart muscle. ·Reducing blood pressure . ·Preventing muscles from changing into fat.
Old people	·Helping the old people’s bones get by preventing them from losing calcium. ·the chance of developing some kind of cancer by medicine.