第三部分阅读理解 (共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分)
请认真阅读下列短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
Being the boss might mean more money and challenging work but it can also cause damage to physical and mental well-being, according to a Canadian study.
For years studies have shown people in lower-status jobs generally have higher rates of heart disease and other illnesses and die earlier than those in higher-status positions while job authority has shown no relationship with workers’ health.
But University of Toronto researchers, using data from 1,800 US workers, found the health of people in higher positions is affected by work as they are more likely to report conflicts with co-workers and say work disturbs their home life.
However, the positive aspects of having a power position at work, such as higher status, more pay and greater independence, seemed to cancel out the negative aspects when it came to people’s physical and psychological health.
These latest findings, reported in the journal Social Science & Medicine, suggest that the advantages and disadvantages authority positions basically cancel each other out, giving the general impression that job authority has no health effects.
For the study, the researchers surveyed participants about various aspects of their work, life and well-being. Job authority was judged based on whether a person managed other employees and had power over hiring, firing and pay.
Physical health complaints included problems like headaches, body aches, heartburn and tiredness. Psychological complaints included sleep problems, difficulty concentrating and feelings of sadness, worry and anxiety.
“This isn’t to suggest that having authority is ‘bad’—in fact, we show it has benefits ... but it is important to identify the negative sides and deal with them.” researcher Scott Schieman said.
Schieman said conflicts with co-workers or involvement of work into home life may destroy at physical and mental well-being by creating stress.
“These are key stressors that can tax individuals’ ability to function effectively,” Schieman said.
56. Work will have a negative effect on job authority’s health probably because __________.
A. they are not fit for their work
B. they have power over hiring and pay
C. they are faced with severe competition
D. they don’t get on well with their co-workers
57. Most people don’t see that bosses have health effects because __________.
A. their health problems are not serious enough to see
B. they have enough money to keep themselves healthy
C. their problems are quite different from those of workers
D. the advantages and disadvantages of their status work against each other
58. From the passage we can infer that the study aims to _________.
A. warn people not to be a boss for ever
B. remind the boss to deal with the bad effects of their work
C. show that having authority is harmful to one’s health
D. prove that being a boss can benefit a lot
59. The best title for this passage might be ________.
A. Lower-status can affect health B. Authority can affect health
C. Positive aspects of a power position D. Disadvantages of being a boss
Dozens of scientists and tourists who spent over a week aboard a vessel trapped in Antarctic ice were rescued Thursday in an international effort that followed multiple attempts thwarted by the region's harsh climate.
The 52 were safely rescued by a transport helicopter from a Chinese icebreaker that landed on a makeshift helipad of ice near their stricken Russian research vessel. In multiple flights, it transferred about 12 at a time to an Australian vessel, where they will begin their journeys home, said authorities involved in the operation.
'Great relief!' scientific expedition leader Chris Turney said in a Twitter TWTR +6.05% message.
The airlift operation was confirmed by China's official Xinhua news agency, which has a reporter aboard the Chinese icebreaker, the Xue Long, or Snow Dragon. A statement from the Australian Maritime Safety Authority, in charge of coordinating the operation, indicated passengers were safely transferred by early evening to the Australian icebreaker Aurora Australis.
Trapped in a particularly thick ice floe just before Christmas on its way toward Antarctica, the Russian research vessel Akademik Shokalskiy remains immobile. Its 22-member crew is staying aboard. While the passengers weren't in imminent danger, they expressed frustration as holidays passed but also maintained their spirits, including by stamping out the makeshift helipad with their feet on New Year's Day.
Thursday's rescue marked only the latest attempt to get close to the blue-hulled Russian vessel since it first called for help on Christmas Day. Over the past few days, ice-breaking vessels from China, Australia and France have made separate unsuccessful bids to cut through thick layers of ice to reach it.
After the rescue got under way Thursday afternoon under bright blue skies, video footage showed the twin-blade helicopter touching down gingerly on the makeshift helipad. Passengers wearing identical red life jackets walked in single file on the ice toward the helicopter.
Just hours before Thursday's rescue, Australian maritime authorities had announced natural conditions would cause them to abandon the mission yet again. Illustrating the caution, China's State Oceanic Administration, which runs the Xue Long, posted a statement on its website quoting its captain, Wang Jianzhong, as saying he was working continuously to ensure the icebreaker itself wouldn't get trapped in the thick ice.
In outlining the plan ahead of the flights, authorities said Chinese rescuers would fly 12 passengers at a time initially to the Xue Long, which was waiting 12 nautical miles away from the Russian craft in more open water, and then the Aurora Australis, waiting a further two nautical miles away.
Mr. Turney, a professor of climate change at the University of New South Wales, offered in his Twitter messages a 'huge thanks' to the Chinese and Australian authorities for ensuring all are 'safe and sound.'
The incident has highlighted the dangers of Antarctic travel even during the southern-summer months. Usually at this time of year, international attention on the frozen continent is typically limited to clashes between Japan's research whaling fleet and antiwhaling activists.
'All the world is making a fuss,' some passengers sang in an impromptu New Year's message recorded at a party in a common room on board the Russian ship by a journalist from Britain's Guardian newspaper. The group cheered and clapped to count down the last moments of 2013. Both passengers and crew have spent their time tweeting messages and videos of their experience.What does the underlined word thwarted mean in the first paragraph？
| A．prevent someone from doing sth | B．try one’s best to do sth |
| C．frighten by something | D．destroy |
According to the passage， the vessel trapped trapped in a thick ice is__________.
| A．an Australian vessel | B．a Russian vessel |
| C．a China vessel | D．a Franch vessel |
How many crew memembers were trapped in the vessel?
| A．22 | B．12 | C．52 | D．24 |
According to the passage，which of the following statements is true?
| A．Because of the thick ice, the vessel rescue attempts failed several times. |
| B．the Chinese icebreaker, Snow Dragon, transported the people trapped in the vessel home. |
| C．The 52 were safely rescued by a transport helicopter from a Chinese icebreaker at a time. |
| D．The Antarctic travel is dangerous even during the southern-summer months. |
Where does this text probably come from ?
| A．Children’s literature | B．Science fiction |
| C．An advertisement | D．A news report |
The sound of a mosquito can mean trouble in many parts of the world. The bite of the mosquito can be deadly. The insects carry serious diseases like malaria. The World Health Organization estimates that almost 630,000 people died from malaria and malaria-related causes in 2012, most of these cases were in African countries south of the Saharan desert.
In the United States, scientists are seeking new ways to fight malaria. A group of California scientists is working to develop a more effective and less costly substances to protect people from mosquito.
The researchers work at the University of California Riverside. They are investigating the sense of smell in mosquitoes. They found the insects use the same receptor for identifying carbon dioxide in human breath as they do for the smell of our skin.
Anandasankar Ray is leading the investigation. He says scientists tested more than a million chemical compounds until they found a substance called Ethyl pyruvate. He says Ethyl pyruvate makes the mosquitoes' receptor inactive.
"When we apply Ethyl pyruvate to a human arm and offer it to hungry mosquitoes in a cage, then very few of the mosquitoes are attracted to the human arm because only a few of them are able to smell it out," said Ray.
Genevieve Tauxe is a member of the UC Riverside research team. She says it was not easy to find the neurons of noble cells that recognise both the smell of human breath and skin. She describes a device the researchers are using to examine mosquitoes.
"With this apparatus, we are able to insert a very small electrode into the part of the mosquito's nose, effectively, where its olfactory neurons are and where the smell is happening," said Tauxe.
The scientists use these instruments to look for the signals that a mosquito's neurons send to its brain when it finds an interesting smell. Computer screen images show when the sense is strong or weak.
Anandasankar Ray says a product based on Ethyl pyruvate may cost less to manufacture than DEET, the most effective chemical treatment now in use. He says DEET is too costly for most people who live in areas affected by malaria.
"Perhaps by finding odors that can attack other target receptors, we will be able to improve upon DEET and finally have the next generation of insect behavior control products," said Ray.
The scientists believe they will soon be able to find a way to manufacture less costly and more effective products for the fight against mosquitoes.420According to the passage，scientists found a substance called_________.
| A．DEET |
| B．Ethyl pyruvate |
| C．carbon dioxide |
| D．target receptors |
From the passage, we know that__________.
| A．DEET is the most effective chemical treatment in use and it is not expensive. |
| B．scientists have not made products that are less costly and more effective to fight against mosquitoes. |
| C．new products will be more effective than DEET but will be costly. |
| D．DEET is not effective but expensive. |
What is the main idea of the passage？
| A．scientits help people to prevent from malaria. |
| B．scientits find how mosquitoes carry diseases. |
| C．scientits work hard to make new products to avoid the malaria. |
| D．scientits find new substances to fight mosquitoes. |
Where does this text probably come from ?
| A．Children’s literature | B．Science fiction |
| C．An advertisement | D．A health report |
According to the passage，which of the following statements is correct？
| A．Ethyl pyruvate does not make the mosquitoes' receptor inactive. |
| B．When we apply Ethyl pyruvate to a human arm，most of the mosquitoes are not attracted to the human arm. |
| C．Now we have not effective products to prevent from the mosquitoes. |
| D．Almost 630,000 people died from malaria and malaria-related causes in 2012, all the cases were in African countries. |
As we move upwards in an organization, our perspective begins to change, sometimes in ways that can feel uncomfortable. Most people begin working in some technical skill area where they can reliably produce desired outcomes based largely on their own performance.
In my career, I was a public relations practitioner, skilled at media relations, drafting news releases, organizing events and news conferences, etc. Of course that also required the skill of collaborating with others, but I wasn’t responsible for their performance. However, as my mastery of public relations increased into the areas of consulting and selling, I started moving up the ladder until eventually I was the general manager of the organization.
Suddenly, I realized I had been catapulted beyond my area of competence. I really had no idea how to “manage” others and how to “delegate” responsibility effectively to other players. So what did I do? I sucked most of the responsibility up to myself, continuing to work on things that demanded my technical expertise, while occasionally handing out a few “tasks” to others. Needless to say I suffered hugely as a manager until I learned the difficult lesson that (as my coach at the time said to me) “You need to find new ways of being important.”
The new role, the “new way of being important” that I learned was the role of leader, orchestrator, delegator. The new role of developing others instead of simply being a technical expert.The new role of working through others, not doing all the work myself. Imagine a symphony orchestra conductor trying to play all the instruments. That is what many new managers find themselves trying to do and its not a highly effective approach, to say the least!
Many new managers fail to achieve their potential because they don’t delegate effectively and they don’t really understand what delegation is all about. Delegating is so critically important that for many aspiring managers it literally becomes their “Achilles Heel”—their fatal weak spot that can make or break their careers. So let’s examine six major reasons that managers fail to delegate effectively.（www.kekenet.com）What does the word “collaborating” in the second passage mean?
| A．operating | B．corresponding |
| C．struggling | D．cooperating |
Where can the sentence “That’s when I hit the wall”be put？
| A．paragragh 1 and 2. | B．paragragh 2 and 3. |
| C．paragragh 3 and 4. | D．paragragh 4and 5. |
Why did the writer suffer as a manager?
| A．He took on most of the responsibility on his own. |
| B．He thought of himself an important person. |
| C．He failed to earn respect from others. |
| D．He put much pressure on others. |
According to the passage， we know “the new way of being important”means that________.
| A．The new role of developing others and being a technical expert. |
| B．The new role of working through others instead of doing all the work myself. |
| C．The new role of simply being a technical expert and doing all the work myself. |
| D．The new role of simply being a technical expert instead of doing all the work myself. |
What will the writer talk about following the text?
| A．How managers can deal with the workers. |
| B．The reasons why mangers should delegate effectively. |
| C．How managers be respected by workers. |
| D．The reasons why mangers can’t allocate effectively. |
Ecotourism is one of the fastest growing sectors in tourism．More and more of us are becoming concerned about the effects we are having on the destinations we choose, as well as the world around us．Some of us are choosing more green modes of transport to get there instead of flying, and some of us are choosing to visit greener destinations．India is one of the best places for ecotourism, and with the destinations below you can be sure that you’ll not only be protecting the earth, but giving something back to the area too．
Kerala, more commonly known as “God’s Own Country”, is a beautiful state on the southern tip of India．It’s a biologically diverse area, with many unique animal species, and almost 2,500 plant species in its tropical forests—that’s nearly a quarter of all India’s plant groups．In the past, though the forests in this area were much cleared, today they are well protected．There are plenty of wildlife reserves where you can see some of these unique animals．
With tourism developing in the area and money brought in, more attention can be given to protecting its plants and animals, ensuring that the people in the area have a better quality of life．
Arunachal Pradesh, situated on the most northern tip of India, is a resort for the more adventurous． With dry, desert heat in the summer and a snowfall best avoided in the winter, this area is less about greenery, and more about stunning desert landscapes．When visiting this amazing area, you'll be promoting locals earning income from their surroundings, encouraging them to make the most of them and preserve them, as well as gradually increasing their quality of life．
As a north Indian province, Ladakh supports much rare and even endangered plants and animals, which can be seen at Hemis High Altitude National Park．There are also many Tibetan monasteries, including the Hemis Monastery, to visit in the area．Why do people regard Kerala as a biologically diverse area?
| A．Because Kerala is one of the best places for ecotourism. |
| B．Because Kerala is commonly known as “God’s Own Country”. |
| C．Because there live many unique animal species and almost 2,500 plant species． |
| D．Because Kerala is a beautiful state on the southern tip of India． |
What’s the author’s attitude towards the tourist industry in Kerala?
| A．supportive |
| B．objective |
| C． nentral |
| D．passive |
What can the tourists enjoy in Arunachal Pradesh despite much hardship?
| A．many unique animal species |
| B．plenty of wildlife |
| C．The beautiful desert landscapes． |
| D．snowfall |
According to the passage, where would you like to go if you intend to study some endangered animals and plants?
| A．Hemis High Altitude National Park in Arunachal Pradesh. |
| B．Hemis High Altitude National Park in Kerala. |
| C．Hemis High Altitude National Park in Tibet. |
| D．Hemis High Altitude National Park in Ladak. |
What is the passage mainly talking about?
| A．The best ecotourism destinations in India． |
| B．protecting the earth |
| C．greener destinations |
| D．Ecotourism is one of the fastest growing sectors in tourism． |
The United Nations and the World Meteorological Organization created the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 1988. The panel is a committee made up of hundreds of scientists. Last week, an IPCC working group released a report about climatic conditions around the world.
Scientists are surer than ever before that the Earth is warming and that human activity is to blame. That is the message of the new report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. As we hear from Christopher Cruise, the report's findings will help inform policy makers and the public as they consider action to fight climate change.
One-hundred-ten governments approved this scientific agreement:
"It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of observed warming since the mid-20thcentury."
The head of the World Meteorological Organization, Michael Jarraud, spoke at a press conference about the new report.
"It should serve as yet another wake-up call that our activities today will have a profound impact on society, not only for us, but for many generations to come."
Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have been losing mass and glaciers continue to shrink, the report says. It calls the decrease of Artic sea ice, "unprecedented," meaning nothing like this has been noted before. The report also examines the mean rate of sea level rise. It says that since the middle of the 19thcentury, the rate is higher than at any time in the past 2000 years.
The working group also examined the connection between extreme weather events and climate. Brenda Ekwurzel is a climate scientist with the Union of Concerned Scientists, a non-profit group. She has worked with the scientists who prepared the IPCC report.
"The most we can say is that extreme events dealing with coastal flooding and extreme heat, (we have) very, very high confidence with these events being highly linked to climate change."
She says the report blames human activity for half of the increased warming over the past fifty or so years. One such activity is the burning of fossil fuels in factories, buildings and cars. This produces heat-trapping gasses.
Past IPCC reports have led the way to international agreements like the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. It ended in 2012. The United Nation's top climate official, Christiana Figueres, says the new report will help move new climate talks forward.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is sometimes criticized as appearing to be too conservative in its predictions. But, Ms. Figueres says this report is right on the mark.
"Everything that we thought we knew about climate change has been underestimated, that we will have much faster and much more intense effects from the growing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. So, it's a very sobering message that calls for a more invigorated and more accelerated policy response to address that."
Government leaders and climate experts will get a chance to do that at the climate negotiations next month. The talks will take place in the Polish capital, Warsaw.505What does the underlined word “sobering”mean in the last paragraph?
| A．satisfactory |
| B．serious |
| C．disappointing |
| D．unbelievable |
According to the passage, the Earth is warming due to_______.
| A．human activity |
| B．the burning of fossil fuels |
| C．heat-trapping gasses |
| D．the burning of fossil fuels in cars |
Which of the following statements is true according to the passage？
| A．Christopher Cruise says that our activities today will have a profound impact on society. |
| B．Ms. Figueres says that climate change calls for a more invigorated and more accelerated policy response to address that. |
| C．Michael Jarraud says that the report blames human activity for half of the increased warming over the past fifty or so years. |
| D．Brenda Ekwurzel says that It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of observed warming since the mid-20thcentury. |